Speed Quality in Apparent Motion Essay Example for Free

Speed Quality in Apparent Motion Essay Unique Seven members each saw two flipbooks of moderate and quick speeds of hand-drawn specks and stick figures. By counterbalancing the conditions, every member viewed the flipbooks as indicated by the consecutive request. In the wake of survey either the moderate or quick flipbooks, a poll was utilized to gather and compute crude information of the experience; which concerned realness, appreciate capacity, perfection, and speed quality. Speculating how speed influences the nature of a flipbook underpins Gestalt’s hypothesis and dynamic instance of obvious movement saw. Be that as it may, repudiating and trading off with the low-speed suspicion and case initially revealed by Wallach. Presentation A well known and careful clarification for mind and visual working, observation, and sensation is known as ‘Gestalt Theory.’ Gestalt hypothesis clarifies that the entire is more noteworthy than the entirety of its parts. Singular parts alone can't finish up to be as incredible or viable as the entire completely. This is essential to perceive in light of the fact that a superior comprehension of why and how the world is seen in general picture can be identified with certifiable cases. For example, in films and in flipbooks, which assists with separating between seeing clear movement and genuine, genuine movement. For example, we automatically flicker our eyes ordinary, and in spite of the fact that this is an activity of genuine movement, clear movement has its influence by filling in the spaces of obscurity or haziness when squinting happens. Besides, the hypothesis at that point can mean: the entire experience of sensation and discernment is more noteworthy than the agg regate of individual pieces of sensation and recognition. The speculations of Gestalt help to clarify exceptional conditions and phenomena’s of recognition that are knowledgeable about existence, regardless of whether that might be visual or sound-related figments also. In particular,â apparent movement is a progressively explicit region of study in Gestalt hypothesis which addresses this mental and perceptual experience. Clear movement recently contemplated recommends that it â€Å"may result when fixed boosts are introduced consecutively to various retinal areas. Obvious movement is gathered from data about change in position. (Green, 1983).†The progressive introduction evokes an impression of movement (Sato, 1989).† â€Å"The view of movement relies upon the reconciliation of visual data over space and time.(Snowden, 1990).† This data along these lines prompts the exploration question to seek after of: does speed impact the nature of evident movement saw in a flipbook? It might appear to be a straightforward inquiry to pose, yet in addition calculating in a survey, member emotions, two flipbooks of with two speed settings of moderate and quick, and distinctive shaded pages can prompt conceivable, clueless discoveries about the marvels of clear movement; which has for the most part been exclusively considered in past examinations. There has been numerous examinations on spot designs, organic elements, vision, sound discernment, and genuine movement comparable to clear movement. Along these lines, this examination is very unique in relation to the standard thing, in spite of the fact that it might be as basic as utilizing a flipbook and members. Be that as it may, past investigations fortified the appropriate responses of the exploration question and theory. In this way, supporting investigations revealed by Gepshstein and Kubovy (2007) recommend that: for each speed, there â€Å"exists a condition for which differentiate affectability is maximal.† They additionally discovered outcomes that decided speed finishes up the system of movement; which can fortify the speculation of speed affecting clear movement being seen. Strategy Members. Seven members from Connecticut took an interest in an autonomous examination venture concerning a class of mental sensation and discernment. There were four guys and three females who had typical to amended vision. Members went from 21 to 52 years old. Materials. Two hand drawn flipbooks were made by utilizing bamboo paper and folio cuts. A Likert rating scale was utilized as the strategy for addressing questions. Plan and Analysis. The test was a 2 (succession: flipbook An and flipbook B or flipbook B and flipbook A) X 2(speed: quick or moderate) structure with four inquiries controlled between subjects. There were twoâ independent factors in this investigation, which were the flipbooks and the inquiries. The flipbooks had two degrees of quick and moderate; the quick flipbook (A) comprised of no different shaded paper and a picture of a ball in various areas on the climbing pages. The moderate flipbook (B) had diverse hued pages of paper on each other page, on each other page there was no picture drawn on it. This flipbook had a drawing of a stick consider strolling and knocking along with a divider. The reliant variable was the impact of speed quality through the got scores from members from the survey. Since there were very few members accessible for this analysis, it was important to balance the conditions. The principal member seen the quick flipbook first, at that point took the Likert scale survey; furthermore, the moderate flipbook was appeared to the main member a short time later and afterward noting the poll. The subsequent member was indicated the moderate flipbook first, at that point took the survey, following that the quick flipbook was demonstrated second and afterward the poll was replied. The survey was comprised of four inquiries. This would persistently go on from member to member until the last, seventh member. From these components, a two-way, inside subjects ANOVA of inside subjects was the structure Method Members were situated at a table and were educated that they would be taking part in a trial and to respond to all inquiries genuinely. At that point, the first flipbook was introduced to the member by the experimenter whom worked both of the flip books which precisely set the paces. This happened ceaselessly until the last member. There were two preliminaries of this test, which comprised of demonstrating a quick flipbook (An) and moderate flipbook (B). Endless supply of observing each flipbook, members were examined regarding their experience by utilizing the Likert Scale rating. The reactions were gathered and recorded in Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS 20. The examination endured around 35 minutes. Results The fundamental impact of flipbook reactions for flipbook A (quick) had a mean of M=3.36. The reactions for flipbook B (slow) had a mean of M=2.14 (see table 1 and figure 1). A two-way, inside subjects ANOVA outlined that theâ difference between the mean of flip book An and flipbook B was measurably noteworthy; F(1,6)=12.892, p0.05. The mistake bars speak to the standard blunder of means (SEM) and flipbook A SEM=0.31 and flipbook B SEM=0.51.The fundamental impact of flipbook was huge because of speed control. Flipbook A had the most elevated score of the two, which made it the quickest and flipbook B the slowest. The principle impact of inquiries (see table 2 and figure 2) reaction for question 1 had a mean of M=2.43. Question 2 had a mean of M=2.57, question 3 had a mean of M=2.07, and question 4 had a mean of M=3.93. In view of a two-way, inside subjects ANOVA, the outcomes demonstrated the inquiries were a factually critical factor of the analysis; F(3,18)=3.627, p0.05. Be that as it may, the inquiries too contrasted regardless of speed quality (Q4A/B). This demonstrated the distinctions among the four inquiry conditions were effective in deciding different factors, for example, liveliness realness (Q1A/B), pleasure (Q2A/B), and perfection (Q3A/B). | Table 2: fundamental impact of questions| | | Q1 Mean| Q2 Mean| Q3 Mean| Q4 Mean| Mean| 2.43| 2.57| 2.07| 3.93| SD| 2.31| 1.87| 2.27| 2.13| SEM| 0.62| 0.50| 0.61| 0.57| The association impact between the flipbooks (appeared in figure underneath) and the inquiries demonstrated that in flipbook A the mean qualities for the inquiries were as the accompanying: Question 1 mean M=2.57, question 2 mean M=1.71, question 3 mean M=4.14, question 4 mean M=5.00. In flipbook B the mean qualities for are as per the following: Question 1 mean M=2.29, question 2 mean M=3.43, question 3 mean M=0.00, and question 4 mean M=2.86. This shows the association between the flipbooks and questions were profoundly noteworthy and falls on a limit as revealed by the two-way, inside subjects ANOVA; F(3,18)=8.144, p=0.001. Nonetheless, the inquiries varied regardless of the speed. The inquiries got various scores, anyway not very extraordinary to make it immaterial. It had nothing to do with the speed control; rather it demonstrated the distinctions among the four inquiry conditions were significant in deciding different factors, for example, realness (Q1A/B), happiness (Q2A/B), and perfection (Q3A/B). Q1 got some information about the realness of the movements and they were seen as genuine in regards to both. The scores show that flipbook A was somewhat more genuine than flipbook B by a 0.28 distinction of communication. Q2 got some information about the delight in the flipbook and demonstrated that flipbook B was more agreeable than flipbook A by a 1.72 contrast of communication. Q3 demonstrated that flipbook A was generally smooth than flipbook B, and that flipbook B had no apparent perfection. Q4 indicated that speed made a difference and influenced the quality most in flipbook An, and flipbook B had the slowest speed of the two. The effect of test control has demonstrated to be critical between the two free factors of flipbooks and questions. Conversation The speculation being referred to was to find if speed influences the nature of evident movement saw in a flipbook through examination and experimentation. Results demonstrate that the speculation was bolstered on the grounds that speed did make a difference as indicated by the discoveries. Gepshtein Kubovy (2007) showed that movement was not generally observed along the more slow way. It was intriguing to discover that the more slow flipbook was resolved to be generally agreeable

The 7 Key Differences Between Business-to-Business

How the workers treat the clients on Customer Care office at the Airport ( Customer Service ) - Essay Example The client care office is single point goals community for the travelers who go through their terminals. The client care divisions increase the value of the experience delighted in by the clients while going through the air terminal terminals. The esteemed experience gave to the clients takes them back to similar air terminals that have made relative inclination during the excursions. All data identified with the administration for the clients and travelers at the air terminal is given by the client care division. Enquiries about lost stuff, accessibility of flights, update on flight timings, data on the premise utilities accessible at the air terminal, correspondence offices from the air terminal and data on some other thing identified with the excursion is given by the client care office. During the hour of travel, the client care division gives the correct bearing of the excursion. In instances of discontent of the clients because of nonsensical conduct of any air terminal staff, the client care division assists with settling the issue. The elements of the client care office at the air terminal are critical as they help in keeping up the smooth progression of excursion by the travelers. This client care office assumes a fundamental job in guaranteeing that the travelers going through the terminal appreciate an exceptionally esteemed encounter. Simultaneously, the client care division at the air terminal assumes an essential job in keeping up a tranquil and committed workplace which is valuable to both the air terminal position and their clients. The manners by which the workers of the client care offices at the air terminal treat their clients as a client care staff decide the estimation of experience gave to the clients that go through their terminals. So as to treat the clients at the air terminal with a point of charming them, the workers ought to experience preparing on client care. A few research concentrates on client care

As a Payday Lender, I Think Payday Loans Are Great by a Guy in a Top Hat and Monocle

As a Payday Lender, I Think Payday Loans Are Great by a Guy in a Top Hat and Monocle As a Payday Lender, I Think Payday Loans Are Great by a Guy in a Top Hat and Monocle As a Payday Lender, I Think Payday Loans Are Great by a Guy in a Top Hat and MonocleAccording to payday lenders, the payday loan industry gets an unfairly bad rap. Also, this caviar is too warm. Throw it  out, you peasant.Recently at one of the regular get-togethers I attend in my friends zeppelins east ballroom I heard something simply dreadful. While dipping a $300 truffle into a platinum dish of $1,000 caviar, my ear caught wind of a disturbing conversation.Apparently, payday loans have gained a negative reputation.Could this be true?! Upon hearing it, my monocle popped out of my eye and into my  flute of $2,000 champagne.After rinsing off the monocle and retrieving my top hat from its solid gold hook, I rushed home to write this article on a Macbook Air that is the same as any Macbook Air, except I voluntarily paid $100,000 for it so that it would be more exclusive.Reasons my fellow country club  board members and I encourage you to borrow a payday loan.1) They’re easy to get.L ook, I understand that not everyone has a credit score. Maybe you were born into a wealthy family and never had the need for credit cards, or maybe you have already transferred all of your assets into hidden stores of gold (for when the unwashed rabble comes to your door).Regardless, assuming you wanted to get a loan and didn’t have a credit score or even a proper income, payday lenders will still accommodate you. Thats why theyre referred to as no credit check loans. Payday lenders are almost as compassionate as my butlers, Wentworth and Gentworth.In fact, payday loans are  dangerously  easy to get! Historically, payday lenders dont even consider your ability to repay the money you borrow! Borrowing money at interest rates regardless of whether or not you can actually afford to repay what you borrow sounds like the very definition of ease to me!Going to a payday loan store is like having a butler of your very own, except they give YOU money! Money and butlers?! What could be bett er than that?2) Dangerously  short repayment terms.When you take out a payday loan, you’re normally given around  two weeks to pay it back. How great is that?When I wanted an artificial island complete with a beach house to be built in the center of my large outside pool, I was told it would take at least a month. Even if I threw rocks at the workers and yelled at them!So imagine how nice it would be to have something over and done within two weeks. I suppose it might be an issue if you didn’t have the money to pay back the loan in that time, but if that’s the case, you should consider getting more money.You could ask your father to take it from his company’s liquid assets, for example. Just be sure to do it in a way that the FEC won’t learn about. And dont consider taking out a long-term installment loan with more affordable payments. That would just be  gauche.3) High APRs mean you can give a lot of your money to me and my friends.For those of you who aren’t aware, “ APR” stands for annual percentage rate, and it’s the measurement of how much a loan costs, including interest and fees, over the course of a single year.Payday loans can have APRs approaching 400%, which means you can give me and my friends, many of whom own or have stakes in payday loan companies, a lot of money!And why wouldn’t you want to give us money? We already have so much of it, so you know we must be good with it. We also spend it on wonderful things like caviar and zeppelins with multiple ballrooms and artificial islands complete with beach houses in the middle of our enormous outside swimming pools!What would you spend it on otherwise? Rent? For your terrible apartment? The one that doesn’t even have an indoor, let alone an outdoor pool with a large island at the center of it? Don’t make me laugh.Seriously, please dont make me laugh. I have a mouthful of snacking diamonds and I dont want them to go to waste.4) They keep your credit rating down.Unlike some compan ies in the bad credit loan business, payday lenders won’t report your payments to the major credit bureausâ€"so using them won’t improve your credit rating.It can, however, further damage your score if you aren’t able to make your payments. Once it gets sent to collections, theyll report you to the bureaus and the information will land on your credit report.Its a win-win situationâ€"if by win-win you mean me and my friends get to win twice!Having a lower credit rating means you’ll be forced to pay much higher interest rates for any kind of loan, and given where my particular holdings and investments are, that means all the more money for me! How splendid!Title loans, by the way, wont help your score either. But using your car title  as collateral for a loan? What are we, cavemen? Even just that wordâ€"collateralâ€"its ruining the taste of these diamonds. Ick.5) Rollover fees.Can’t make your payday loan payment in time? Well, good news: You can pay a relatively large fee to extend the loan. And then if you still can’t pay it two weeks after that, you can just roll it over again!It’s even more money for me. And, as we’ve already established, money for me is great!Hopefully, this has turned your opinion around on payday loans. And if it still hasn’t, just know that if my friends and I dont get what we want, well take all our money and our butlers and our zeppelins and well go live on the moon.Dont believe me? Why dont you come over here and say it to my face?! Or, rather, say it to my intercom on the front gate thats a mile down my driveway.  Then Ill send my robot guard dogs after you. Thatll show you To learn more about payday loans, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:5 Alarming Payday Loan StatisticsHow to Protect Yourself from Payday Loans and Predatory LendersAffordable housing shortage may be fueling the Las Vegas payday loan industrySubprime Report: Las Vegas Payday and Title LoansHave you ever taken out a payday loa n? Let us know!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedINContributorsGuy in a Top Hat and Monocle. He has a swimming pool filled with gold coins. But he wishes it was filled with his fathers approval.

A Report On The Market Failure - 1063 Words

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The government is likely to intervene when one firm has a large degree of market power. They monopoly the market for infrastructuren and the national safety. In economics the team market concentration is used to describe the degree of monopoly. Externalities An externality refers to the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. That would lead to the resources allocation poor efficiency. (George,2000) Eg: When the factory began to production,and that will make the environment pollution. The government use their power to adjust, and coordinate the problems in social. The government should realize and protect the basic interests to ensure the social equity. ï  ¬ Environment The environmental pollution problem is a negative externalities, and need the government to take part in it. But the government policy failure and environment failure would lead to a heavy environmental pollution problems. 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Technology Research Museum s Mission - 1170 Words

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Relationship Between Sales and Advertising - 2706 Words

Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SALES AND ADVERTISING 2 3. MEASUREMENTS TO EVALUATE ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS 7 4. CONCLUSION 9 5. REFERENCES 9 1. INTRODUCTION Today, advertising appears everywhere; we see and hear a lot of advertisements on TV, newspapers, magazines, internet, billboards, public transports and so on. The more popular advertising is, the more important role of advertising in business is reinforced. The main aim of advertising is to build customer’s attention to a brand or product, then may lead to brand awareness, brand loyalty or increasing sales volume (Corkindale, 1983). Although the role of advertising is undeniable, the effectiveness of advertising is still hard to measure.†¦show more content†¦Thus sales is not the only way to measure advertising effectiveness. 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Over a short period of time, for well established products, advertising is used in a supportive role in marketing. The bulk of custom comes from regular, and heavy, pur chasers of products and services; they are encouraged by advertising. The new purchasers, won from other brands or even brought into the market for the first time, are the relative exceptions. Hence, advertising is mostly expected to support the existing sales level and make smallShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Advertising and Sales Promotion1163 Words   |  5 PagesThis article studies the relationship between advertising and sales promotions and their impact on brand equity. A main priority for most companies is to establish and achieve a strong and powerful brand name. A company can build a strong brand name by creating the market for their customers want. By creating a strong brand name, a company will become more established. Brand equity is important to the producer, retailer and consumer. 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Summer Twilight for Canadian Woman Studies -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theSummer Twilight for Canadian Woman Studies. Answer: Sharon Thesen was born in 1946, and spend most of her childhood in a small town of Canada. She is a poet, anthologist and editor; she had taught several other subjects in one of the well known university of Vancouver. Thesen has issued several books. She received award on one of her book of poems in the year 2000. In late 70s and early 80s she was an assistant as a poetry editor to a famous poet. (Boughn, 2013) Summer Twilight by Sharon Thesen is a short and small poem that can be explicated by an adjacent model to express the meaning of the poem. The poem is express in a serene and rest manner like a sunset. It can be said that the theme of the poem taken by the narrator is a sunset. Thesen uses colorful make-believe to bring out the meaning of the poem. The poet uses colorful imagination to express the meaning of the poem. The poem is quiet and peaceful like dusk is the overall pitch of the poem. The poem starts and ends with twin verses and the middle stanza include three lines (Leggott, 2013). The poem as such has no rhyming outline; in order to express the first stanza the poet does not used any rhythmic sketch; it is a poem with an open-stanza. The first stanzas deal the color as listed by Thesen, touches the mind of the narrator, rather than merely uttering the color as harsh and ignites. The sky has a band of color with sapphire and purplish red pigment azure and crimson; these colo rs are blossoming and alive. The narrator describes the colors in order to help the person who reads to see what the storyteller is bearing in mind. The narrator used the color bright blue to describe the cloudless sky. (Vanstone, 2013) In the second stanza, Sharon Thesen spread out and expresses the imagination on considering what can be seen ahead of the theme of the poem that is sunset. Here the narrators mind is confine by the city lights; as the narrators attention is towards the city lights therefore the adjacent are in an unhurried method. In the mid-thought the narrator ends the stanza all of a sudden; a loner cloud the narrator end the stanza abruptly in the mid-thought; narrator at the end summons it so that the reader can continue. As the poem progress further the main prominence seems to be the cloud; almost like a high point thought the cloud is hassled and the narrator leaves it hanging. In the beginning of the third verse it is thought that the narrator without any setback teaches about the rise of the earth surface; the poet instruct about the hills; it seems that the poet is entirely devour in the magnificent adjoining. In the last verse the readers comprehend that the poet was not referring the hil l but he was referring to the clouds.(McMohan, 2013) References Boughn, Michael. "Racing for the Prize."Canadian Literature219 (2013): 193. Leggott, Michele.Mirabile dictu. Auckland University Press, 2013. McMahon, Fiona. "Robert Kroetsch and Archival Culture in the Canadian Long Poem."tudes canadiennes/Canadian Studies. Revue interdisciplinaire des tudes canadiennes en France74 (2013): 73-85. Vanstone, Gail. "Miriam Waddington: Collected Works."Canadian Woman Studies8.3 (1987).

15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Nouns

15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Nouns 15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Nouns 15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Nouns By Mark Nichol To help keep your writing crisp and precise, observe the distinctions between each pair of similar or closely associated words below: 1. admission/admittance: Admission is the act of being admitted, or allowed to join or enter; admittance is almost identical in meaning but is usually associated with permission (or lack thereof). 2. avocation/vocation: An avocation is a hobby or pursuit, as distinct from a vocation job or career. The former is derived from a word with the literal meaning of â€Å"called away,† and the latter is an antonym; it literally means â€Å"calling† and is related to the word voice. 3. bloc/block: Bloc refers to an alliance of people, groups, or countries. It is the French version of block, which may be but seldom is used to refer to the same concept. 4. bonds/bounds: A bond, among other meanings, is a restraint, so it is similar in meaning to bound, which means â€Å"extent, or limit† (as in boundary). But they are complementary, not interchangeable; one is bound with bonds. 5. cement/concrete: Technically, cement is the powder that constitutes the base of concrete, so any mass of material formed from a moistened mixture of cement and other ingredients should be referred to as concrete. 6. crevice/crevasse: A crevice is a narrow crack; crevasse, from the French version of the word, is a specific term for a large fissure in the ground or in ice. 7. dilemma/difficulty: A dilemma is a particular type of problem exacerbated by the fact that no solution is satisfactory. (The etymology of the word assumes only two possibilities, but it can apply to any number.) The term sometimes applies to any difficult decision but like many words is best reserved for a usefully distinct meaning. 8. dogma/doctrine: Dogma is employed as a synonym for doctrine especially in religious contexts, but the definition of the latter is â€Å"a statement or principle,† and the former often has the connotation of repressively authoritarian, rather than authoritative, opinion. (There’s another distinctive pair of words the former meaning â€Å"absolute† and the latter referring to expertise.) 9. ecology/environment: These words are often used interchangeably, but ecology has the more distinct connotation of a system of interrelationship between an environment and the organisms that inhabit it. 10. elegy/eulogy: An elegy is a sorrowful composition, usually for a person or a personification that is literally or figuratively dead. A eulogy, on the other hand, is a statement of praise for a deceased person. 11. empathy/sympathy: Empathy refers to the action of vicariously experiencing the thoughts and emotions of another, and the capacity for doing so, whereas sympathy is the mere act of consolation or feeling compassion. 12. ethics/morals: Ethics are, collectively, the principles of conduct according to a philosophy of moral behavior. The distinction between the two terms is one of theory as opposed to practice. 13. gamut/gauntlet: A gamut is a range. A gauntlet (or gantlet) is a glove. Confusion between the two unrelated words stems from the fact that you can run either one: To run the gamut is to move along a spectrum of choices; to run the gauntlet is to endure the punishment of literally or figuratively passing through a series of ordeals. (Originally, it referred to a double line of soldiers who rained blows on the victim.) 14. review/revue: The latter word is derived from the French form of the former term, but in the sense of a form of entertainment involving songs, skits, and other performances usually commenting on recent publicized events, only it is applicable. A similar production might be termed something like â€Å"The Year in Review,† but a production of musical and/or comical pieces is a revue. 15. tenant/tenet: These terms, unrelated in meaning, do share etymology: Each stems from the Latin word for â€Å"to hold,† the same one that is the root of tenacious. But a tenant is a person or other entity that holds property, and a tenet is an idea held to be true. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for Money5 Lessons for Mixing Past and Present TenseEnglish Grammar 101: Sentences, Clauses and Phrases

Compare the presentation of relationships in My Last Duchess, Porphyrias Lover and The Laboratory Essays

Compare the presentation of relationships in My Last Duchess, Porphyrias Lover and The Laboratory Essays Compare the presentation of relationships in My Last Duchess, Porphyrias Lover and The Laboratory Paper Compare the presentation of relationships in My Last Duchess, Porphyrias Lover and The Laboratory Paper Essay Topic: Literature The Heart Goes Last My Last Duchess, Porphyrias Lover and The Laboratory are all dramatic monologues, a fictional speech presented as the musings of a speaker who is separate from the poet, normally to a silent audience. These three dramatic monologues are all written by Robert Browning, famous for his poetry mainly associated with hatred, distrust and deceit, the darker side of human nature. These three poems also focus on relationships, not only relationships between characters in the poem, but also relationships between Browning and the characters, the listener and the speaker, the audience and Browning and lastly what the speaker says and what actually happened in the reality (of the poem). My Last Duchess first appeared in Dramatic Lyrics in 1842, the poem presents the reader with an unnamed duke who keeps a portrait of his Last Duchess behind a curtain, which only he can control who to reveal to. The Duke then goes on to tell the tale of the life of his late Duchess, how she displeased him because of her lack of dignity. This triggered his anger and irritation and eventually he chose to have her killed. Although the Duke mainly speaks of his late Duchess, he unintentionally reveals more about the personal qualities of himself. The reader knows that as a Duke, he possesses great power in a hierarchical society, which explains why he is so obsessed with ownership and control. The title of the poem itself already indicates this: My Last Duchess. My, as in she belongs to him and Last duchess reveals their relationship and also implies that she is not his Duchess anymore, probably dead or disowned. Most obviously, he refers to her as My Last Duchess meaning that he must be the Duke. The poem opens with the Duke showing his listener a portrait of his late duchess and introducing it. He then goes on to say looking as if she were alive, this confirms the readers assumptions from studying the title, the Duchess is dead. That piece a wonder, he appears to be proud of the painting, either because it is well painted, complimenting the artists skill, or praising the beauty of his late duchess. Or even he is just simply praising himself, as such beauty exists proves his excellent taste in women, or because he has the wealth to provide her with all the luxuries such as makeup, fine clothes, jewellery to bring out her beauty. Another interpretation of this could be that the existence of such fine artwork shows his power to have connections with the best artists of his day and also his wealth to pay them. The fact that the Duke still keeps a portrait of his late Duchess suggests a strong relationship between the two. The Duke then asks his listener: Willt please you sit and look at her. There is no response from the listener. This indicates that the listener is inferior to him, as the Duke probably does not expect an answer in the first place. Its more like a command rather than a question, the listener has no choice other than to obey, simply because he is inferior to him. Another of Brownings dramatic monologues that also deals with the themes of obsession and hatred is Porphyrias Lover. Porphyrias Lover was first published in 1836; the poem talks about a young lady named Porphyria bringing warmth and cheer into the cottage the unnamed speaker is in. She then leaves her hair out and lays her shoulder bare; informing her lover how much she loves him. Desperate to preserve this moment in time he strangles her with her own hair and arranges her corpse in such a way, that the two can sit together like this for the rest of the night. Whilst the speaker is reminiscing, he too, reveals much about himself inadvertently. The title of the poem itself also gives away quite much to the audience, Porphyrias Lover, shows Porphyrias dominance over the speaker, perhaps he is inferior, as in personality, talent or social status. It also shows that they are not a married couple. The poem opens with the speaker describing the weather, giving it feelings and emotions, The sullen wind was soon awake, it tore the elm tops down for spite, and did its worst to vex the lake. The wind is described as sullen, unsociable and destroys the trees out of spite in order to vex, anger the lake. The wind, trees and lake are personified in such a way that it reflects the speakers own personality, feelings and emotions. Here, Browning uses pathetic fallacy, a poetic device to endow natural objects with human feelings, thoughts and sensations. The poets use of pathetic fallacy allows the reader to learn more about the speaker, it reveals to the reader that the speaker is in fact, lonely, angry and unsociable. It is suggested that hes suffering greatly over something, I listened with my heart fit to break. This suggests social rejection, unrequited love, and isolation. When Porphyria entered the cottage, the atmosphere changed dramatically, she immediately brought warmth and cheer with her. She shut the cold out and the storm, and kneeled and made the cheerless grate blaze up, and all the cottage warm. Her ability to shut out the cold and storm shows her forceful presence and her supremacy over him (the speaker) as he was unable to do so earlier. She then puts his house in order without any greetings or conversation; once again, this shows her dominance over him and suggests a cold relationship between the two. However, this is quite ambiguous, as it could also imply that she visits him quite often and therefore know where everything is placed, which indicates a close relationship between the two. The fact that she is able to put his house in order shows that she is in charged, she is active while he is passive, he is sitting there while she is occupying herself with some chores. Already, it is clear that Porphyria is the dominant out of the two. The fact that the woman is superior to the man in a relationship is contrary to the stereotype, especially in a male dominant society where female dominance was rare. This may have caused the speakers bitterness and resentment mentioned earlier, he feels intimidated because he is unable to live up to the stereotype. Porphyria is the one in control because he is weak; she puts his house in order because he failed to do so. This shows him being insecure in his position as a male. This asks questions about his intentions on what he might do to change it. The third and final Browning poem analysed in this essay is The laboratory: Ancien Regime. This poem again deals with the idea of obsessive love; however it is spoken from the point of view of a woman. The laboratory: Ancien Regime was part of Brownings 1842 Dramatic Lyrics collection, the same as My Last Duchess. The speaker of this poem is again unnamed; she is in a laboratory ready to buy some poison to kill her rival. Throughout the poem she talks about how she wants them to die and why. The audience learns more from what she does not say rather than what she does say. She unintentionally reveals what type of character she is. The speaker reveals herself to be wealthy, mixes with the highest of society, dance at the kings. She arrives at the laboratory to purchase some poison to poison her, her as in the speakers love rival, this is revealed by telling the reader he is with her. He is nameless, whom the reader assumes is her lover, but the true relationship is kept concealed throughout the poem. He can be her husband, lover or even just someone she simply admires. It is suggested that the speaker is weak; they know that I know Where they are, what they do: they believe my tears flow while they laugh, laugh at me, at me fled to the drear empty church, to pray God in, for the! I am here. Her rival and her lover know that she is aware of their relationship and what theyre currently doing, perhaps making love, however theyre not concerned about what she may do to retaliate, or what she can do to retaliate. Instead, they assume that she is in a church, praying, crying, crying out to God because she cannot do anything to change her situation. This indicates that in others eyes, she is weak, they simply cannot imagine her being able to do anything to strike back. Brownings three dramatic monologues all centre on the action or planning of a murder. The Duke in My Last Duchess explains to the reader that he chose to have his duchess killed because he thought that she was unfaithful and disloyal. He reveals this subtly, too easily impressed; she liked whateer she looked on, this implies that she liked and associated with men casually, too casual for his liking. He was also enraged because he saw her finding equal pleasure in four different things; his favour at her breast, this could be a brooch he gave her to wear on her breast, the dropping of the daylight in the west, the sun setting in the west, the bough of cherries given by some officious fool and the white mule she rode with round the terrace. He believes that the four things are of different value and should not be valued equally. The Duke justifies that although it is good to be thankful and show gratitude to men, but as a Duchess, she should not be so easily impressed. She should be more dignified and not rank anybodys gift with his gift of a nine hundred years old name. He was about to speak to her, but he reckons he lacks the skill in speech. He firmly believes that even by confronting her, she would make excuses, eventually he will have to stoop. And he chose never to stoop. He explains to the reader that he gave commands to murder his Duchess and all smiling stopped together. He makes reference to the smiling because this is the reason in which he chose to have her killed. He felt that she smiled too often and too easily to other men and without remorse he used his power and authority to have her removed. In contrast, Porphyrias lover murders Porphyria not out of some form of revenge but out of love. By killing her he can preserve the moment of their perfect love forever, that moment she was mine, mine, fair, perfectly pure and good. Another reason for this murder could be that the speaker feels intimidated by a womans dominance. The fact that she is more assertive than him, belong to a higher social class than him, makes him feel inferior and weak. In order to regain his confidence he tells himself that she is weak, that she loves him and needs him, at last I knew Porphyria worshipped me. He then kills her and toys with her corpse to show that at last, he is in charged and the one who controls her. Unlike the Duke in my last Duchess, the speaker in Porphyrias lover lacks the power and status the Duke has, so therefore he carries out the murder himself, all her hair in one long yellow string I wound three times her little throat around, and strangled her. The fact that he kills her with her own hair is very symbolic, as that was what she used to entice him. The murder is also very shocking because the first few lines of the poem resembles the opening of the love poetry from Renaissance, therefore such violence and murder was definitely not expected by Victorian readers. Murder in The Laboratory is completely different from murder in the other two poems, as it is unclear whether the murder would take place or not. However, it is clear that the murder is pre-meditated because the entire poem is about the planning of a murder. Similar to the lover in Porphyrias lover, the speaker lacks power and authority to remove her rivals openly, therefore she resorts to stealth. She cannot keep nor gain a mans love so she blames it on her rivals. She believes that by killing her rivals, he would come back to her, almost as if he wants to be with her, but the presence of her rivals stops him from doing so. The stereotype of women during the Victorian period was one of vulnerability and obedience. The fact that a female is plotting a murder in this poem and enjoying the preparation in such a way would have been shocking and unusual for the Victorian audience of the time. The Duchess in My last Duchess is presented as a terrible flirt by the Duke; however it is truly up the reader to decide how much of an extent of this to believe. There is a clear difference between what the Duke says and what really happened. The Duke saw the Duchess as a flirtatious woman, but it could be that she was only being thankful. Being thankful and showing gratitude was probably just one of the many innocent qualities of the Duchess, but the Duke happens to consider this as flirtatious behaviour. If this is true then it indicates the Dukes paranoia and ruthlessness and he chose to have her killed even when nothing was going on. Although the Duchess is the subject of this dramatic monologue; she was never named, only known to the reader by her relation to the Duke. Browning deliberately chose to do this because it helps to indicate her low status in the dukes heart, that shes merely his object, his possession. This is why he was surprised when he realised that she had a heart because he was so used to seeing his duchess as an object that he almost forgot that she was human and had thoughts and feelings. In order to put an end to this, he chose to have her killed and her beauty is preserved in the portrait so that she can truly be an object and he likes it better that way. An object can be controlled, but a human cannot, humans have a heart and a heart can never be controlled. To some extent, the Duchess does gain the readers sympathy, because of her low status in her husbands heart. However, she eventually loses it if the reader becomes convinced by the Dukes statements about her. Porphyria in Porphyrias lover is quite the opposite; she is revealed by the speaker as a forceful and manipulative woman. The way she removes her clothing, made her smooth white shoulder bare, and displacing all her yellow hair to seduce him all helps to portray the image of her dominance over him because she is the one encouraging the sexual behaviour. The readers learn that she is from an upper class family by the quote from pride, and vainer ties dissever, pride could suggest an upperclassmans pride and vainer ties is a symbol of the rules and constraints her family set for her. The fact that Porphyria is socially superior is extremely shocking to the Victorian readers because it was rare that an upper class woman would even associate with a lower class man, let alone have this kind of relationship with him. This would have been extremely hard to accept and such relationship would have been frowned upon. Similar to the duchess in My last Duchess, Porphyria also manages to gain the readers sympathy, but again only to a certain extent. The reader may feel sorry for her for being killed by her loved one, but not too much as they may think that that is the only way she would ever gain true happiness. Her family would never be able to accept such relationship with the speaker and there is no other way to be with him other than death. The speaker claims that Porphyria felt no pain during the murder and that her darling one wish was heard by him. This implies that he believes that she did not struggle and in fact wanted to be killed, as that was her wish, so that love, am gained instead! However, how much of an extent to believe if entirely up to the reader. The reader may find difficulty in believing the speaker; as such reason for killing a loved one suggests madness and causes the reader to lack sympathy for him. He is quite similar to the Duke in My last Duchess, as they are both obsessed with their victims. Only that the Duke is obsessed with possessing and controlling his Duchess and the speaker here is obsessed with love. Desperate to preserve and protect the perfect love they share together. Unlike the other two dramatic monologues, the speaker in The laboratory has multiple rivals and therefore multiple victims. Her rivals are named Pauline and Elise and she presents them as scornful and manipulative women. Shes not little, no minion like me! Thats why she ensnared him, no minion like me is ambiguous, as it could mean that her rivals characters are not minions, they are not weak. This implies that they are very scheming and manipulative, which is why they managed to ensnare him. Almost as if they captured his heart and took him away against his own free will with tactics and plans. On the other hand, another implication of minion is the speakers figure. Pauline and Elise are not like her indicates that they are voluptuous and seductive. Perhaps Browning is trying to convey that it is a womans body and beauty that captures the heart of a man, not their scornfulness or wicked plans. He is showing the reader the shallow minds of mankind, the fact that men are shallow, beauty and body is all that matters which was not rare during the time this poem was written. However, the speakers words cannot be trusted; perhaps the reality is different from how she depicts it. The fact that her relationship with him is not presented clearly suggests that there might not be any relationship present between them at all; therefore it makes it difficult for the reader to fully accept the speakers view of the victims. The relationships in the other two poems are clear, but here the speakers words cannot be trusted and therefore it makes the relationships presented a little suspicious and doubtful. My last Duchess is written in rhyming couplets and enjambment, this is to make the Duke sound arrogant and confident and make the poem appear more like a real speech. Browning presents the Duke as a performer, he tells the tale by imitating others voices, this suggests that he is very conscious about what other people think. The poem ends with the Duke pointing out another object in his collection, a statue of Neptune taming a sea-horse. The statue symbolises the relationship between the duke and the duchess, Neptune the Roman god of sea who possesses great power and supremacy strictly resembles the Duke. And the sea house, a beautiful mystical creature, strictly resembles the Duchess, only that the Dukes way of taming, is killing. The relationship between Duke and the listener and what business he has at the castle is kept concealed until the very end of the poem. This is vital; because through their relationship the reader learns that the Duke is planning to re-marry and is in the process of choosing himself a new wife, his fair daughters self, as I avowed at starting, is my object. This indicates that his future wife is already been seen by him to be his possession and that she would share a similar fate to his last Duchess. The fact that the Duke is ready to remarry shows that he feels no remorse for what he has done, thus reinforces the fact that the Duchess is merely part of his collection. Similarly, the rhyming scheme for The laboratory is also AABB, however its not in continuous form like my last duchess and Porphyrias lover. It is in twelve quadrants, a common and standard form of structure. This could represent the speakers normal appearance but inner madness. The fact that she is able to mix with the highest of society means that she must be capable of concealing her inner bitterness and hatred for those around her. And her and her arms and her hands, should drop dead Here, Browning makes use of the repetition of the connective and to show the speakers excitement about the murder, which reinforces the hatred she holds against her rivals. Her speech almost displays a childlike quality, glee for the act she will commit. Porphyrias lover is written in continuous form, verse with no stanzaic breaks and the rhyming scheme is ABABB. The speaker also makes use of religious imagery to justify his own actions, Porphyria worshipped me And yet God has not said a word! The speaker is suggesting that the murder was right because God had not said a word, God has not punished him. However, this line is ambiguous, as it could indicate that God might still do. Sixty lines could represent the sixty minutes of an hour, thus suggesting that the murder took place in an hour. In the first half of the poem, which is before the murder, Porphyria is in charge of the relationship and the speaker presents his unhappiness with the unrequited relationship with his heart fit to break. However, the second half of the poem, after the murder has taken place, everything seems perfect because they finally sit together now. Porphyria can no longer move, which leaves the speaker as the person in control, and clearly, he reverses the roles. Her head is placed on his shoulder instead of his head on hers, and he is there toying with her corpse. Perhaps this was what he always wanted, to be the dominant person in the relationship. Browning does not condemn any of the characters; instead he lets the reader decide the speakers guilt as the story unfolds. The murder in My last Duchess reveals the Dukes obsessive need to control his Duchess; he kills her to remove her heart. It is not clear whether the affair was even true or not, if its not then it indicates the Dukes paranoia and ruthlessness and he chose to have her killed even when nothing was going on. It is not clear whether the murder in The laboratory would take place or not, so it is hard for the reader to determine her guilt. To a certain extent she gains the readers sympathy because she is a victim of unrequited love. But it does make the reader question whether murder is necessary. The speaker in Porphyrias lover is less guilty, as his reasons for the murder does gain the readers sympathy. To conclude, in each of the three poems Browning has presented very strange warped relationships which could hardly be considered as conventionally loving. My last Duchess presents an arrogant Duke obsessed with power and control, who loves his late duchess as an object, not as a wife. Porphyrias lover presents a man who is insecure in his position as a male, knowing that the relationship would never be accepted by their society, he kills his lover to preserve their love forever. The Laboratory presents a jealous and vengeful woman disappointed in love, ready to murder her love rivals. Believing that he would come back to her once her rivals are dead.

Corporate Strategy of Record Label Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Corporate Strategy of Record Label - Term Paper Example The labels are demanding a revolution from their trade unions and they have dropped DRM to keep up with the changes in the contemporary world by engaging in innovative operations. The competition among the key players in this industry is not as aggressive as in other industries. Sony record label is a renowned company in the entertainment industry offering diverse products and services to its wide market as explained by Hanson et al. (2001). Their productions are highly refreshing and entertaining (Sony United 2007). This is achieved by efficiently combining and managing its resources, competencies, and abilities. This results in a strong competitive advantage. Resources are the features owned and managed by a company to create value for customers as stipulated by Hill et al. (2007). The discussion below analyses the different resources owned and managed by the company. These are described as the tangible resources that have physical properties and are financial in nature (Hill et al. 2007). The company recorded an increase in sales of 10% in the year 2007 (Sony United 2007). The company owns other forms of tangible resources in form of land, buildings, machinery, and equipment valued at nearly 14 million dollars (Sony United 2007). Recent consolidated financial statements how that the company’s annual sales had increased to 78 billion dollars as at 31st March 2010 (Sony Corporation of America 2011). The company has a variety of assets that form a substantial part of the financial assets that have been increasing over the years. The company has intangible resources that have prospective benefits as stated by Hill et al. (2007). The company is linked to quality and is among the top enterprises globally. This reputation has led to increased sales over the years (Singh et. al. 2005). The company’s brand is recognized worldwide and it is among the most trusted music labels.

Healthcare Insight Repositioning Research Paper

Healthcare Insight Repositioning - Research Paper Example Human beings often get sick and when they do so, they need medical attention. Landmark Health is a non-profit making organization that looks towards offering their patients suitable services that will leave them satisfied, and ensure that their outpatients have words full of praise for their services rather than criticizing them (Nanus & Dobbs, 1999). Landmark Healthcare Organization extends its medical services from Virginia all the way to Georgia. The mission of the organization is to improve the health of communities, with services to each and every person in the community. The major purpose of this study is to identify the major successes and pitfalls faced by the organization as a result of its changing environment in terms of site, management and patient outcome and suggesting solutions and suitable recommendations to the problems that the organization faces. The essence of a local health center is to provide suitable medical care to its adjacent community and extend its services further to other communities in the region. Landmark Healthcare provides value to the community by embodying the belief that they have practiced at the various sites in the country. According to their senior leader, they strive to provide same medical facilities all over their thirteen locations so as to satisfy patients from both areas who visit their institution. In addition, their market leader pointed out that they offer value by providing exceptional medical facilities, enhancing appropriate physician practices and being devoted to the outreach of the community and other communal services (Nanus & Dobbs, 1999). These values, when provided adequately and sufficiently to the community, come with benefits, and as he continued to say, it has had some enormous contributions to the success of the  organization, including the organizations registering a massive benefit of $ 567 million in the year 2011. The benefits recorded were not only because of the large numbers of in-patients that they record, but it was accrued to the community services that they offer to the people.

Marketing Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Marketing Philosophy Essay Efforts of reviewing and modelling marketing elements, concepts and philosophical attitudes were numerous and effective. But with new challenges causing hurdles in making marketing function more effective on macro- and micro- level of the economy, a revision of marketing philosophy is always at place. Elements of marketing philosophy Dibb and Simkin (2004)| Lancaster and Reynolds (2005)| Blythe (2005)| Drummond and Ensor (2005)| Morgan (1996)| 1. Production orientation 2. Financial orientation 3. Sales orientation 4. Marketing orientation 5. Customer orientation 6. Competitor orientation 7. Interfunctional Coordination| 1. Production orientation 2. Sales orientation 3. Marketing Orientation| 1. Production orientation 2. Product orientation 3. Sales orientation 4. Customer orientation 5. Societal marketing 6. Relationship Marketing| 1. Production orientation 2. Product orientation 3. Sales orientation 4. Financial orientation 5. Marketing Orientation| 1. Cost philosophy 2. Product philosophy 3. Production philosophy 4. Sales philosophy 5. Erratic philosophy 6. Marketing philosophy 7. Social marketing philosophy| As indicated in Table 1, authors tend to use various terms for the elements of marketing philosophy: a) ‘orientation’ (Dibb and Simkin, 2004; Lancaster and Reynolds, 2005; Blythe, 2005; Drummond and Ensor, 2005); b) ‘philosophy’ (Morgan, 1996); c) ‘concept’ (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008). Even the Lithuanian authors, who wrote the first university book on marketing, professors Pranulis, Pajuodis, Virvilaite and Urbonavicius (1999, 2000 and 2008) have used the Lithuanian counterpart word ‘orientation’. Following this broad tendency of the term ‘orientation’ usage, here, in this article, the choice of the ‘orientation’ term will be applied. The renowned American professors Kotler and Armstrong (2008, pp.9-12) indicated that their choice of marketing management orientations were as follows: * the production concept, * the product concept, * the selling concept, * the marketing concept. * the societal marketing concept. A similar opinion was expressed by a group of Lithuanian marketing professors, where they classified marketing orientations as follows (Pranulis et al., 1999, 2000): a) production orientation, b) product orientation, c) selling orientation, d) marketing orientation; e) socialethical marketing orientation. Because of the difficulty of incorporating all the various facets of marketing into a single definition, Lancaster and Reynolds (2005) distinguished features of the subject in the following statements (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2005, p.16): †¢ â€Å"Marketing is dynamic and operational, requiring action as well as planning. †¢ Marketing requires an improved form of business organisation, although this on its own is not enough. †¢ Marketing is an important functional area of management, often based in a single physical location. More importantly, it is an overall business philosophy that should be adopted by everybody in the entire organisation. †¢ The marketing concept states that the identification, satisfaction and retention of customers is the key to long-term survival and prosperity. †¢ Marketing involves planning and control. †¢ The principle of marketing states that all business decisions should be made with primary consideration of customer requirements. †¢ Marketing focuses attention from production towards the needs and wants of the market place. †¢ Marketing is concerned with obtaining value from the market by offering items of value to the market. It does this by producing goods and services that satisfy the genuine needs and wants of specifically defined target markets. †¢ The distinguishing feature of a marketing orientated organisation is the way in which it strives to provide customer satisfaction as a way of achieving its own business objectives.† The author of the article proposes the following perception on the classification of marketing orientations, which constitute the marketing philosophy essence: 1) the production orientation, 2) the product orientation, 3) the financial orientation, 4) the selling orientation, 5) the marketing orientation, 6) the market orientation (which extends to internal and external orientations), 7) the social-ethical marketing orientation, 8) the holistic marketing orientation (which extends to internal marketing orientation, integrated marketing orientation, social marketing orientation relationship marketing orientation). The holistic marketing concept was proposed by Kotler and Keller (2007) but it was not mentioned or wider discussed in the textbook of Principles of Marketing (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008), but introduced in their co-operative book on Marketing Management (2007). For this reason, it is viable to include this new orientation in the proposed model (Figure 3), as it integrated at least four other sub-orientations: a) internal marketing orientation, b) integrated marketing orientation, c) social marketing orientation and d) relationship marketing orientation. Internal marketing orientation will be directly dealing with a Marketing Department within an organisation. It will directly subordinate to the senior management level and other organisational department, emphasising the organisational culture and micro-climate, suitable for effective work and success factors in marketing performance. Integrated marketing orientation would focus towards integrated marketing communications, the cost-effective selection of marketing channels and integrated development of products and services within the scope, demand and challenges of the national and international markets. Social marketing orientation would be focusing on the concept of societal marketing proposed by Kotler and Armstrong (2008), where the basic societal marketing triangle is based on the well-being of the community, incorporating the corporate social responsibility of companies and non-profit organisations, legal issues and environmental protection issues, which altogether streamline the sustainable development of the economy and consumption patterns. Relationship marketing orientation would be concerned with fostering the customercompany relationship with consumers, offering value added products and services. This orientation will also foster the company-partner company (B2B) relationship, seeking trust and reliability in partner selection process and its maintenance for coming years. Therefore, marketing channels should be effectively developed to reduce costs and enhance profitability ratios for all three market participants: a) producers, b) distributors and sellers, c) consumers. The market orientation is proposed to be grouped as internal and external orientations. Though Narver and Slater (1990) proposed a model that identified the components of market orientation as: †¢ Customer orientation, which incorporates customers’ perceptions and understanding by customers’ creating value, offering cost-effective solutions to satisfy their needs. †¢ Competitor orientation emphasises one of the marketing’s functions, i.e., to seek competitive advantage in the market. Competitor analysis, performed in various techniques (e.g. PESTED analysis, Porter’s forces analysis, Boston matrix analysis, etc.), gives a company tools to objectively evaluate competitors’ capabilities and results on the market. †¢ Organizational culture if analysed on an individual basis could be either included into market orientation factor or in the holistic marketing orientation, depending how integrative the marketing philosophy is on an organisational level. Organisational culture should support customer service and customer relationship development throughemployee performance prism. †¢ Interfunctional coordination should focus on the interaction between internal functional areas of the organization which best serve customer need and satisfaction, which in other cases would correspond to the relationship marketing orientation (Kotler and Keller, 2007). †¢ Long-term focus would incorporate the consideration of how the above can be sustained, and financially viable, over the long term. In this paper the proposition by Drummond et al (2000) is closer to the author’s perception of market orientation, therefore the constituent parts of the market orientation are considered to be the balance between: a) External market orientation: customers, competitors and other external stakeholders. b) Internal market orientation: employees and other internal stakeholders. Marketing Orientation The term marketing is used extensively in modern life. If you stop someone in the street and ask them what it means, they will probably use words like advertising, market research and a modern word for selling. In fact, marketing is a lot more than just selling, advertising and research, although all of these functions are important aspects of marketing. The Chartered Lrstitute of Marketing in the UK defines marketing as follows: Marketing is the management process which identifies, anticipates, and supplies customer requirements efficiently and profitably. So what is marketing orientation? In the next sections we shall explore this. First we will consider what it means for an organisation to adopt a marketing-based business philosophy. We shall then consider the evolution of the marketing concept and look at how marketing orientation has influenced organizational structures in business. An Overview of a Marketing-based Business Philosophy The points below describe marketing and its role in a marketing based business philosophy. We shall then go on to consider a marketing-based philosophy in more detail. * Marketing is a management process, and the support of management for the marketing concept is a key element in its success. Today, a company has to be marketing orientated if it is to be successful. * Marketing is involved with identifying customer requirements usually with market research. * We have to consider current needs and anticipate the requirements of the customer in the future. This requires planning a very important aspect of the marketing process. The satisfaction of the needs will require the supplier to provide benefits the right market offering at the right place at the right time. * Truly market-driven companies adopt strategic level marketing, where marketing has a key role in defining the long-term objectives and mission of the company. In this way, a strategic framework is established whereby the customer is placed at the centre of the organisations activities. * Marketing is not just for profit-making companies. Marketing is for any organisation that has customers, and that includes charities and government bodies. Very many selling jobs in fact are in non-profit-making organisations, although very often the people who have those jobs would not think of themselves as salespeople! Marketing is a business philosophy, the process responsible for anticipating, identifying and satisfying customer current and future needs. The marketing philosophy developed out of the need by producer manufacturers, whose focus was on efficient production, to compete more effectively in their markets. They turned their attention away from mass production at lowest unit cost to try to anticipate the specific needs of customers and produce products/services whose benefits would satisfy those needs. Marketing is sometimes referred to as a pull strategy. The principle is that we understand customer needs and produce products or services, which meet those needs through specific benefits. Customers will want to purchase products or services, which they perceive as meeting their needs and wants. Literature review on marketing challenges in the new millennium The precondition, which fostered to review the challenges for the marketing in the new millennium, was the statements in various forms and shapes, which appeared during the past decade in text books, social networks, media and social forums. The selection of disturbing statements were selected and presented here for the discussion. The biased perception of marketing functions and orientations at the dawn of the new millennium is not compelling. Traditional (conventional) marketing is visualised as a dead function, notwithstanding the critics of modern marketing practice. The critics bring up the issues of lost customers, mass marketing and viral marketing. Therefore, a more fundamental change for marketing is at stake – towards a more \personal touch in the field, as well emphasised by Spellings (2009). Boynett and Boynett (2003) in their book on â€Å"The Guru Guideâ„ ¢ to Marketing: A Concise Guide to the Best Ideas from Today’s Top Marketers† have also identified a number of citations, which question the future of marketing and its conventional functionality. It is apparent that marketing is becoming a multi-disciplinary theory, which inevitably incorporates postmodern aspects of the markets and consumption patterns and consumer behaviour. Selected statements on the death of traditional marketing in the new millennium Authors/sources| Statements| Boyett and Boyett (2003, p.1)| Death-of-marketing gurus rationalize their hyperbole by explaining that marketing is in the throes of fundamental change.| World of DTC Marketing (2008)| Conventional marketing is dead| Bishop (2009)| Marketing is dead; long live marketing: Attracting consumers in the post-mass marketing era| Big Marketing Ideas (2009)| The reason we say viral marketing is dead is not because content no longer spreads in the same way – quite the contrary. But the idea that you could create a flash game or a funny video and expect it to get a million hits and downloads within a week is now patently naà ¯ve. | Wymore (2009)| Forget direct mail, television advertising, and other mass media marketing. They just don’t work anymore. Traditional marketing is dead. In other words, these marketing chestnuts simply don’t stand out in today’s noisy media market.| Spellings (2009)| â€Å"Mass Marketing is Dead. Make Way For Personal Marketing†: The days of mass marketing are coming to an end as we enter a new era of personal marketing. Personal marketing will require more work, more preparation, and smarter implementation, but the rewards will be vastly better than the mass marketing approach.| Selected marketing challenges in the new millennium Sutton and Klein (2003)| Blythe (2005)| Kashani (2005)| Brown (2008)| Kotler and Armstrong (2008)| Bishop (2009)| †¢ Increasing market complexity †¢ Accelerating demand for speed to market †¢ Growing need to capture marketing knowledge †¢ Increasing availability of innovative marketing technologies †¢ Escalating demand for marketing efficiency and effectiveness| †¢ Relationship marketing development †¢ Service quality enhancement †¢ Internet marketing development †¢ Marketing ethics †¢ Marketing strategy revisited| †¢ Commoditisation (change in technologies, more informed customer, more intense competition) †¢ Consolidation(mergers acquisitions) †¢ Power shift †¢ Margin erosion †¢ Value focus| Postmodern challenges: †¢ Hyperreality †¢ Fragmentation †¢ Reversed production and consumption †¢ Decentred subjects †¢ Juxtaposition of opposites| †¢ The new digital age †¢ Rapid globalisation †¢ The call for more ethics and social responsibility †¢ Growth of non-profit marketing| †¢ Aggressive innovations †¢ Building a strong value proposition †¢ Engagement and connection to the customer †¢ Delivering customer experiences at or above expectations| It could be generalised that marketing in the 21st century presents many new postmodern challenges (see Table 3): †¢ shrinking markets, which in effect implies fragmentation and decentralised subjects (Brown, 2008), followed by increasing market complexity (Sutton and Klein, 2003) and market globalisation (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008); †¢ green issues (Blythe, 2005), more marketing ethics (Blythe, 2005; Kotler and Armstrong, 2008) and social responsibility (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008); †¢ marketing strategy revisited (Blythe, 2005) through accelerating the demand for marketing efficiency and effectiveness (Sutton and Klein, 2003) and speed to market (Sutton and Klein, 2003), and aggressive innovations (Bishop, 2009); †¢ advancements in technologies in the digital age (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008), including Internet, commoditisation (Kashani, 2005), communications (Bishop, 2009), internet marketing development (Blythe, 2005), increasing availability of innovative marketing technologies (Sutton and Klein, 2003); †¢ engagement and connection to the customer (Bishop, 2009), through service quality enhancement (Blythe, 2005), delivering customer experiences at or above expectations (Bishop, 2009), rapidly changing public attitudes towards consumption (Sutton and Klein, 2003); †¢ building a strong value proposition (Bishop, 2009) through growing need to capture marketing knowledge (Sutton and Klein, 2003), power shift (Kashani, 2005) and reversed production and consumption (Brown, 2008). Therefore, marketers are facing the re-evaluation of marketing strategy, applying new tools and sophisticated techniques in the new millennium, where changes are of a constant nature. â€Å"Ultimately, the firms who take the greatest care of their customers’ interests are the ones most likely to maintain their competitive edge in a cut-throat world† (Blythe, 2005 p.332). The case of coffee bars: applying marketing orientations and marketing challenges in the new millennium. In practice, each company selects business and marketing philosophy which suits it best. The decision depends on the company’s type, size, products and services it produces, distributes and sells and etc. In order to apply marketing orientations and marketing challenges to a practical situation, two companies in coffee bars sector: a) an international company STARBUCKS (the USA) and b) a national company COFFEE INN (Lithuania). Their briefs and marketing philosophies will be discussed bellow. The case of Starbucks (the USA) Probably one of the most famous brands in the United States and now in the whole world, reflecting the specific lifestyle of the few generations, is definitely Starbucks. Starbucks is the largest coffee-house company in the world, offering a wide range of various coffees, hot and cold coffee and non-coffee drinks, sandwiches and sweet snacks. Founded in 1979, only as a coffee bean retailer Starbucks became a coffee-house selling coffee drinks as well as beans, when its present headmaster Howard Schultz came in and bought the company from its former owners in 1987. Since then, an extraordinary quick expansion in the Unites States, and from 1996 in the whole world, has begun. Now, Starbucks owns approximately 16 000 stores in the world and announces about opening 900 new stores outside United States in 2009 (on the other hand, Starbucks is closing the same amount of stores in the United States) (www.strabucks.com). It is obvious, that such a big success would be impossible without well selected and formulated marketing philosophy. As one of the most innovative companies in the world Starbucks has chosen social-ethical marketing orientation and declares care for the environment and common wealth as well as for people. The main idea of their philosophy is defined in the Starbucks mission statement. Starbucks has two mission statements which are placed in the official company’s website : „To inspire and nurture human spirit – one person, one cup, and one neighbourhood at a timeâ€Å" and „Starbucks is committed to a role of environmental leadership in all facets of our businessâ€Å" (www.strabucks.com). Social-ethical marketing orientation is getting a trendy buzz word, as environmental and ecological problems are on the increase. Some years ago Starbucks was criticised for wasting resources by using paper and plastic cups, for wasting water and even funding Israel army (Vitkus, 2009). Now this company is shown as the best example of environmental friendly business in the business schools around the world. Starbucks announces its corporate social responsibility Annual reports for the public; here the company describes their attention to the employees, customers and the environment, manifesting marketing orientation, marketorientation and holistic marketing orientation. They started to use cups from recycled paper or biodegradable plastic. Social responsibility is also emphasised in their coffee-bars’ design, posters and various promotional campaigns (the integrated marketing sub-orientation in the holistic marketing orientation). According to Pranulis et al (2008), the main idea of marketing orientation is to create the circle of loyal clients rather than one-time buyers. Starbucks could be called a champion in this field too. The chairman of Starbucks Howard Schultz explains, that a person gets more than just coffee when he/she visits Starbucks – „he gets great people, first-rate music and a comfortable and upbeat meeting place† (www.strabucks.com). That’s why people all around the world are willing to pay for coffee more than in other coffee-bars – they buy and experience, not a drink (the selling orientation). According to Howard Schultz, Starbucks build personal relationships with each of their customers (this implies the relationship marketing sub-orientation in the holistic marketing orientation). Even the waiters at Starbucks are called baristas to make them feel exceptional and proud about their workplace, not to feel just simple service workers (internal marketing sub-orientation in the holistic marketing orientation). Another core element of marketing concept (Pranulis et al., 2008, Kotler and Keller, 2007) is to appeal to customers’ needs. Starbucks does everything to achieve its costumers’ satisfaction. They were the first who offered free internet at their coffee-bars and started to open the stores 10 minutes before the actual opening time just to make customers always feel welcome and happy. Viral marketing has also become one of the most important features of Starbucks‘. You can hardly find and advertisement in any newspaper or marketplace, but they build extremely strong relationships by using social networks, internet and mouth-to-mouth marketing, which means Starbucks meets the marketing challenges of a) the digital age, b) value proposition, c) connecting to customers, d) corporate social responsibility, e) green issues and f) overall revised marketing strategy, g) market shrinking factors (as Starbucks was forced to close down 600 coffee-bars in the USA during the economic slowdown (Milasius, 2008)). The case of Coffee Inn (Lithuania) The other company selected for a comparative study is a national company, located only in Lithuania. Coffee Inn is a coffee-bars’ chain opened a few years ago in Vilnius, the capital city of the country. Started from just one coffee-bar, Coffee Inn now owns 7 coffee-bars in Vilnius and one in Kaunas in 2007 (Vaitiekuniene, 2007). At first, Coffee Inn came into the market with the same concept as Starbucks did. It sells coffee and various coffee drinks, served in paper cups, sandwiches and desserts in small, cosy coffee-bars, located in the city centre. The main difference between Starbucks and Coffee Inn is that Starbucks is a big global company (the globalisation challenge) and can afford applying social-ethical marketing orientation, while Coffee Inn is still too small to afford huge investments for various socialprojects and campaigns and it has chosen the marketing orientation. However, Coffee Inn expands constantly, therefore, sooner or later this company will also apply social-ethical marketing oreintation (now Coffee Inn supports various cultural festivals, such as cultural night TebÃ… «nie naktis, or Street music day, not financially, but by helping to promote them, or by prolonging their opening hours during these festivals). The main idea, the co-owner of Coffee Inn Nidas Kiuberis explains, is that they sell a feeling of pleasure rather than just a cup of coffee (Obcarskaite, 2009). It seems extremely similar to Starbucks idea. The waiters are called baristas too, Coffee Inn also offers free internet access and their menu is quite similar to Starbucks one. Lithuanians sometimes even claim that Coffee Inn tries to copy Starbucks. On the other hand, there are a lot of cafeterias offering similar facilities (e.g., Vero Cafe, Double Coffee and etc.), and Coffee Inn is not an exception. However, Coffee Inn is a lot smaller as coffee-bars’ chain than Starbucks and for this reason it is much easier to control it. Being small enables Coffee Inn to be more flexible and to react to customers’ demands and wants quicker and to create new demands and wants at the same time (marketing orientation). Coffee Inn constantly offers new drinks, snacks and other features (product orientation). They were one of the first who invited customers to come together with their pets, set free book collection and invited everyone to come to read or to donate a book (the communication challenge). While talking about customers’ loyalty, new technologies play an important part here too (the technological challenge): Coffee Inn keeps exceptionally close relationships with its customers using Facebook social network, writing the blog and honestly replying to all the letters and comments. The co-owner Nidas Kiuberis maintains the Coffee Inn blog himself – this is very important, as customers notice, that director of the company itself pays attention to their opinion (Milasius, 2008). Nidas Kiuberis explains, they are following â€Å"guerilla marketing† ideas, because it is the best solution for a small business without large budget, where creativity and energy are the most important things (Obcarskaite, 2009). â€Å"Viral marketing and personal blog writing costs nothing and gives better results, than advertisement on TV – your loyalty for customers loyalty, these are the things every company seeks, especially in a crisis time† (Obcarskaite, 2009). As a result, Coffee Inn has created a steady circle of loyal customers, who are indifferent to similar competitors, such as Vero Cafe, offers. The Evolution of the Marketing Concept Marketing is basically about anticipating and serving customer needs, but where does the concept come from? In fact, even though the term marketing quite modern, the idea of customer orientation is as old as trade itself. For example, if we looked at a pre-Industrial Revolution village, we would see a number of trades-people such as the blacksmith at work. These people provided the villagers with what they wanted. There was no question of producing large volumes of goods and assuming that people would take them. Everything was made to order – the customer had needs and the supplier met them. Conclusions In the changing market environment with changing customer behaviour and seeking business opportunities, companies face marketing challenges on a daily basis. In the process of theoretical research, a modified model of marketing orientations, which form the marketing philosophy, was proposed, comprising eight major orientations, where market orientation and the holistic marketing orientation are split into further sub-orientations. The other task for the author was to review and structure marketing challenges in the new millennium and test these issues in two cases of coffee-bars sector on international (Starbucks) and national (Coffee Inn in Lithuania) markets. Starbucks and Coffee Inn both follow similar marketing orientations. Starbucks follows social-ethical marketing orientation as a basis of business, while Coffee Inn is being still guided by the marketing orientation. Both companies sell an experience, rather than just coffee and image is very important for the customers of these companies as they are mainly young people (20-40 years of age, Miksys, 2008). Both companies use viral marketing techniques, though Coffee Inn can create closer relationships with its customers, because it is able to react to changes quicker. Loyal customers could be called the biggest strength and competitive advantage of these companies as they do not compete on price, just by creating exceptional atmosphere.