The Effects of Water Shortages in the Last Decade Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Water Shortages in the Last Decade Essay The effects of water shortages in the last decade. New water purification technologies This oral presentation will be divided into few parts. The first one will deal with how the water supplies available to the people, have gradually decreased in the last decade; statistical data will be presented, together with some pictures and graphs. Also, it will make a projection of what could be the impact of the water shortages in the near future and will examine how devastating the need for drinking water could become if certain measures for retaining it are taken very soon. The next part will be about some of the innovations in the water purifications technologies. The last part will be a discussion, where your questions you will be welcomed and I will also ask a couple of questions. It is quite popular to refer to our planet Earth as the Blue Planet and probably all of us are aware why this nickname is given. That’s because of earth’s surface is 70% covered by water. Unfortunately, only around 2% of this is drinking water and the question are we using this small quantity responsively is getting more and more discussed recently. The shortest answer to this question is â€Å"No†; humanity needs too much fresh water and shortages have become highly noticeable. It’s needless to say that water is crucial for all life on earth. It plays an essential role for our health, economy, food production, and environment. Also, drinking fresh water is a compulsory element of the development of the public health, since 21 of the 37 primary diseases are related to water and sanitation. With the growing world population (over 7 billion so far), water consumption rate doubles every 20 years, a pace that is double the rate of population growth. If population and consumption trends persist, it is estimated that the demand for water will surpass its availability by 56%, and 1. 8 billion people will be living in regions of water scarcity by 2025. This situation is exacerbated by the fact that developing countries, already experiencing water-stress, often have the highest population growth rates—bringing more people into a region that already cannot support them. Here it’s important to explain the terms â€Å"water-stressed countries† and â€Å"water-scarce regions†, given the fact that in the near future they will become part of the geographical description of further more parts of the world. Water-stressed countries are regions with fewer than 1,700 m3 of water per capita per year. People living in water-stressed regions must make painful decisions about using water for personal consumption, agriculture, or industry. Regions with fewer than 1,000 m3 per person per year are defined as water-scarce. Water-scarcity hinders economic development, strains the environment, and drastically limits food availability. The 2009 World Water Development report revealed that nearly half of the global population will be living in regions of high water stress by 2030.

Reflection on self awareness and personal growth

Reflection on self awareness and personal growth The purpose of this essay is for the trainee Counsellor to critically reflect upon, and evaluate, a recorded counselling session which took place on Thursday 2nd April 2009. Within this essay, the trainee Counsellor will evaluate their use of advanced counselling skills and assess the value and usefulness of these skills. In particular, the trainee Counsellor will critically evaluate their own way of being by closely examining their application of the six conditions which are essential to therapeutic change and will focus on: the three attitudes or conditions that a person-centred therapist needs to provide for the client are congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. These attitudes are not presented as a hierarchy. Indeed they are viewed best as a trinity inseparable, essential and mutually independent. An evaluation and reflection of the trainee Counsellors performance will be enhanced by use of the person-centred rating scales. Mearns Thorne (2007) when writing about the rating scales posit that: Discussing these ratings, and the other possible responses the trainee counsellor might have made, could help to expand the trainees repertoire of ways of communicating [her] empathy. (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p.71) Another way in which the trainee Counsellor has evaluated the way they worked in this session is by closely examining the DVD with the observer who was present during the session and who asked the trainee Counsellor pertinent questions regarding the session. This procedure is known as Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR) (Merry, 2006, p.146). Finally, the trainee Counsellor will refer to feedback notes from the observer order to critically evaluate their way of working with the client. The client in this session is a 36 year old married woman who has two children. This session is the trainee Counsellors second session with this client, although the trainee Counsellor is aware that the client has seen another therapist previously, nothing of these other sessions has been divulged by the client. In the first session prior to the client talking about her reasons for wanting to see a therapist, the trainee Counsellor and client worked collaboratively through the contract. This was done with sensitivity as the trainee Counsellor was very aware that he was the first male Counsellor seen by the client and she had already disclosed her anxiety and nervousness about this fact. During the first session, the client talked about a number of different issues, but continually returned to focus on her feelings about a man who had been harassing her both physically and sexually. The client also expressed doubts about her own lack of self-belief and her compulsive organisational an d controlling nature which she felt dominated her life. The trainee Counsellor considered how the client was moving along the Seven Stages Model (Merry, 2006, p.59) and that the client was positioned somewhere between stages 3 and 4, although possibly closer to stage 4 as during the first session the client demonstrated some internal confusion about her feelings and there was a tendency for her to express things in terms of black white, she was however, also able to convey some profound and more meaningful feelings. Merry (2006) describes stages 3 4 as: Clients who first seek therapy are often at this stage and need to be fully accepted as they present themselves before moving deeper into Stage 4. Stage 4 In this stage, clients begin to describe deeper feelings, usually those that happened in the past. (Merry, 2002, p60) At the beginning of the second session the trainee Counsellor checked, by working collaboratively with the client [C1, C3, C5], about the contract in order to confirm with the client that she was happy with and understood everything discussed in the first session. The client confirmed [CL6] that she was fine to continue. The trainee Counsellor then proceeded to set the boundaries [C1, C7] for the counselling session. Boundaries are an extremely important element of the therapeutic process as they make the client aware of what the trainee Counsellor is offering them. The trainee Counsellor, by being open about the type of counselling they offer, by setting time limitations and by reassuring the client, clearly sets the scene for a healthy, professional and mutually beneficial relationship. Mearns Thorne (2007) when discussing boundaries suggest that: It is important both at this early stage and as counselling proceeds that the counsellor monitors continually what [she] is prepared to offer to the client, and what lies outside the boundaries of [her] commitment. (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p.53) The trainee Counsellor, when discussing the boundaries and when checking with the client about the previous session and the clients understanding displayed a deep level of Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR) [rating 4.0] [C1, C7]. At [CL8] the client begins to talk about a man who is heavily impacting on her life at the moment. The trainee Counsellor [C9] reflects the clients words back to her, but paraphrased and in a manner which questions the clients feelings. At [CL10] the client is interrupted by a loud noise from an adjoining room and the trainee Counsellor, because of the psychological connection with the client and his level of congruence [rating 5.0] responds with a degree of immediacy [C11] which is positively acknowledged by the client. At [CL12] the client expresses anger and frustration at herself. The trainee Counsellor [C13] is at this point offering the client UPR [rating 4.0] and a deep level of empathy [rating 4.5 5.0] and acknowledges the clients anger by reflecting and challenging the clients feelings about being trapped [C15] and angry. The client [CL14] agrees with the reflection and at [CL16] questions herself about what it is that she is actually angry and frustrated about. The trainee Counsellor remembers key details about the client which were disclosed in the first session and following the clients comments at [CL16] makes some gentle and refined queries [C19, C23, C25]. These challenges are accepted by the client, positively and with real emotion. The strength of the response identifies the level of relational depth that the trainee Counsellor and client have formed. At this point [C25, C27, C29] the Counsellors empathy [rating 5.0], congruence [rating 5.0] and UPR [rating 5.0] are clearly visible to the client and such a deep level of mutuality is present that previously unrecognised feelings which were just outside of the clients consciousness become visible and the client achieves a moment of comprehension and awareness [CL30]. Rogers (2004) describes this as: the letting of material come into awareness, without any attempt to own it as part of the self, or to relate it to other material held in consciousness. (Rogers, 2004, p.78) There is a visible shift in the client at this point and the trainee Counsellor, because of the level of his empathy [rating 4.5] is aware of the internal confusion and struggle that the client is undergoing. [C29, C31] At [C33] by expressing his confusion to the client, the trainee Counsellor displayed a deep level of congruence [rating 5.0] and this openness and genuine attitude assisted the client who moved on to explore her own feelings and reactions to what she had said at [CL30, CL32]. The trainee Counsellor [C35, C37, C39] reflects some of the clients thoughts back to her. During this period of interaction, the trainee Counsellor takes the opportunity to make some gentle challenges which cause the client to question her thought process. At [CL50] the client questions the trainee Counsellor, and it appears as if she is looking for some kind of affirmation that what she is saying makes sense. The trainee Counsellor [C51] makes it clear to the client that what she has said makes perfect sense to him, and this could easily be construed as some form of collusion, however in this case it is more of a corroboration to demonstrate the trainee Counsellors empathic understanding [rating 4.5 5.0] and a s a form of encouragement to the client to continue. The interactions at [CL50, C51] clearly display the trainee Counsellor and the client sharing the same frame of reference, being in the same place at the same time. Worsley (2002) suggests that: The greater the spontaneous-type content of the frame of reference, the more proper it is to call any therapist response process-orientated, because the therapist will be engaging empathically with the whole organism who is the client, and not just the reflexive, conscious elements. (Worsley, 2002, p.40) The trainee Counsellor, at interactions [C53, C81, C92] makes use of challenges which could be construed as directive questions, however, with the use of IPR and a deeper analysis of the recorded session, it is apparent that the trainee Counsellor was not directing the client, but was using thought-provoking words to stimulate the clients process. The trainee Counsellor used his UPR [rating 5.0] and empathy [rating 4.5 5.0] to identify with the clients goals whilst at the same time valuing and respecting the client at the deepest level and at the same time being his own person, being congruent [rating 4.0 5.0] and honest with his own feelings so that the client is aware that she is valued and prized and that the trainee Counsellor is not hiding anything of himself from her. At interactions [C81, C98] the trainee Counsellor takes the opportunity to query the clients incongruence and the clients responses [CL82, CL83, CL85, CL99] clearly suggest that she was not being truly honest with herself. Rogers hypothesises that if the client: becomes more self-aware, more self-acceptant, less defensive and more open, [he] finds that [he] is at last free to change and grow in the directions natural to the human organism. (Rogers, 2004, p.64) There is a point in the counselling session [CL109] where the trainee Counsellor senses a shift and a visible change in the client. The client starts to question her own behaviour and self, and in doing so realises how important some of the issues discussed in the session are to her. Rogers (1980) suggests that: To perceive a new aspect of oneself is the first step toward changing the concept of oneself. The new element is, in an understanding atmosphere, owned and assimilated into a now altered self-concept. (Rogers, 1980, p.155) The trainee Counsellor, through several interactions [C112 to C134] briefly sums up the session so far, recapping the salient points of the session. This is done collaboratively with the client, continually checking that the client is in agreement with what the trainee Counsellor is reviewing. By working in this manner, the trainee Counsellor is adhering to the ethical principles recommended by the BACP and is ensuring that he is working in an anti-oppressive way. Within this review of the counselling session, the trainee Counsellor considered different parts of the clients self. Mearns Thorne (2007) refer to these different parts as configurations of self and suggest that: a configuration is a developed self-within-a-self that can contain a wide array of elements a set of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that together represent an important dimension of the persons existence. (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p.34) An analysis of the clients various dimensions gave the trainee Counsellor the opportunity [C124, C126, C134, C136] to sensitively challenge those different parts which in turn triggered a reflective process in the client. The relational depth between the trainee Counsellor and client at this point was extremely good with both client and trainee Counsellor aware of their own feelings and expressing the genuine and authentic person to each other. Nothing was hidden and there was a real connectedness between both people in the counselling session. If both the trainee Counsellor and the client can be genuine in the relationship, the more helpful it will be. (Rogers, 2004, p.33) The trainee Counsellor is a student member of the British Association for Counselling Psychotherapy (BACP), and as such is fully aware of the importance of adhering to the elements within the BACPs Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counselling Psychotherapy (BACP, 2007) which discuss the provision of maintaining a good standard of practice and care (BACP, 2007, p.5). The trainee Counsellor fully believes that: Regularly monitoring and reviewing ones work is essential to maintaining good practice. It is important to be open to, and conscientious in considering, feedback from colleagues, appraisals and assessments. (BACP, 2007, p.5) IPR of the session reinforced the trainee Counsellors original observations and feelings about the client as the session drew to a close. It was apparent that from interactions [CL150 CL156] that the client was in a deep state of process. The trainee Counsellors level of empathy [rating 5.0] and the relationship which had developed between client and trainee Counsellor was such that at interaction [C157] the trainee Counsellor made the decision to end the counselling session a couple of minutes early. This was checked with the client to ensure that she was happy to do this, and the expression on her face confirmed that the trainee Counsellors choice was the correct one. The client had, at this point, moved on and was clearly trying to figure out what was going on in her head. Rogers (2004) outlines a clients process by suggesting that: Clients seem to move toward more openly being a process, a fluidity, a changing. They are not disturbed to find that they are not the same from day to day, that they do not always hold the same feelings toward a given experience or person, that they are not always consistent. (Rogers, 2004, p.171) The clients progress in this session was, for the trainee Counsellor, quite a revelation. The trainee Counsellor by focusing, using a felt sense (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p.79) [C29] touches on the clients unknown feelings and attends with deep empathy [rating 4.5 5.0] congruence [rating 4.5] and UPR [rating 4.5 5.0] to the client. It was the trainee Counsellors first real experience of witnessing a clients self-realisation [CL30] to something that was at the edge of their awareness but which they had previously ignored or dismissed. A change came over the client [CL30] and their honesty and openness became much more expressive. At this moment the relationship between the trainee Counsellor and client became much closer. Feedback from this session was received from a third party observer, who took notes to assist the trainee Counsellor in their evaluation of this session. The comments suggested that the trainee Counsellors congruence, empathy and use of UPR were obvious and perceived by the observer to be at a deep level. The observer suggested that on occasion, in her opinion, the client / trainee Counsellor relationship seemed almost friendly. From a learning and professional perspective and having reviewed the recording several times, the trainee Counsellor can see how some of the session might have been experienced from an observational point of view, but within the counselling relationship the two participants were experiencing each other and absorbed deeply in the counselling relationship. This is characterised by their ability to share a moment of levity [CL36, C37], followed by the client moving flawlessly back into her train of thought and process. From the trainee Counsellors perspective, several key points were noticed. Firstly, there were a couple of areas [C19, C39] where the session could have gone in different directions. As a trainee, the choice of language, the correct use of handle-words and the on-the-spot decision making is difficult to practice as every client is unique and individual, and every client will bring a different range of issues to the session. Secondly, the trainee Counsellor considered their use of questions in the session. There is no doubt that there will be some criticism of the way in which the trainee Counsellor phrased some interactions to the client, but there is a firm belief that none of the questions were deliberately directive and the session flowed well, with the relationship between client and trainee Counsellor relaxed, natural and open. Finally, the trainee Counsellor was real and authentic and it is clear that the client experienced this realness in the relationship. A major learning experience taken from this session is that of experience. There were three significant moments in the session, the first at interaction [CL30] where the client achieved self-realisation about the way she had been behaving, the second was at interactions [C61, CL62] where the client acknowledges her participation in what she refers to as a game in which she chooses whether or not to play, and the third is at interaction [CL91] where the client starts to question the relationship she has with her husband with regards to her issue of control. As a learning outcome, these moments were invaluable as they provided the trainee Counsellor with experiences not previously encountered. The trainee Counsellor, in evaluating this counselling session, has already discussed and evaluated three of the conditions from the six necessary for therapeutic change: the trainee counsellors empathic understanding of the clients world; congruence on the part of the trainee Counsellor and the trainee Counsellors UPR towards the client. The remaining three conditions, although not mentioned specifically have also been present during this session. The first, that two people are in psychological contact, is demonstrated throughout the session by the dialogue that the client and trainee Counsellor maintained, thus forming a meaningful relationship. The second condition is that the client is in an anxious or vulnerable state, in other words is in a state of incongruence and this condition is openly displayed by the client throughout the session and no more so that at interaction [CL8] where the client admits to being stuck and confused. The third and final of the remaining six conditio ns is: The communication to the client of the counsellors empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved. (Merry, 2006, p.49) The trainee Counsellor, in evaluating this session, has visibly exhibited his UPR [rating 4.5 5.0] and empathic understanding [rating 4.5] of the clients inner world [C61, C86] and in doing so helped to facilitate a safe and constructive environment for the client. This was a significant session for the client as the trainee Counsellor believes there has been a major movement along the seven stages of process and that the client at times during the session made the transition into stage 5. There was obviously some vacillation between stage four and five and the trainee Counsellor, although identifying the shift in the client [CL30, CL109] made no attempt to move them onto stage five, but rather left the client to find their own path, knowing that she would move forward when it was right for her to do so. The trainee Counsellor was himself, the client was herself. There were no facades, no hidden agendas, just two people experiencing a deep understanding of each other. Rogers (2004), when talking about this kind of relationship, posits: acceptance of each fluctuating aspect of this other person makes it for [him] a relationship of warmth and safety, and the safety of being liked and prized as a person seems a highly important element in a helping relationship. (Rogers, 2004, p.34) The relational depth achieved by the client and trainee Counsellor is clearly evident throughout many parts of the session. A particularly powerful moment is at interaction [CL109] where the client questions her own values and the clients body language and the timbre of her voice expose her feelings. Mearns Thorne (2007) suggest that: At times such as these, understanding between client and counsellor exists at many levels, as does acceptance. The outcome is a profound sense of sharing. (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p.191)

Sport Injury Prevention Strategies Health And Social Care Essay

Sport Injury Prevention Strategies Health And Social Care Essay Groin pain occurs frequently in sporting activities such as running, kicking, soccer, rugby, and ice hockey which involve quick accelerations, decelerations and sudden rapid directional changes (Cowan et al., 2004 and Verrall et al., 2005). Hormon (2007) suggested that, groin pain may be caused by a sports hernia, osteitis pubis, nerve entrapment, adductor and Iliopsoas muscle strain or any combination of these entities. The most common location (>50%) of groin pain reported in athletes is the adductor muscle tendon region (Holmich. 2007). The assessment and treatment of groin pain in athletes is difficult as the anatomy of the groin region is complex and the ability to imagine the anatomy of the groin area is important for both physical examination and the differential diagnosis (Vincent and Victoria, 2001). Holmich (2007) reports that the cause of chronic groin pain left in debate and systematic clinical assessments using reliable examination methods were not carried out in studies and well-defined diagnostic entities are not reported. Please find the appendix i (a) for some of the terms used frequently. Janda (1992), reports that in any sport the first part of injury management is injury prevention. Emery (2003) describes that, to develop and evaluate the sport injury prevention strategies, a good understanding of injury rates, the participant population at risk and the risk factors associated with injury for the population need to be first identified. In athletic population; groin strain injury incidence definition may be obtained by using a standardised exposure of actual player hours separated between training time and game time. The risk of injury is different for different sports (Junge et al, 2006). When taking the severity of the injury into account in a English Football Association team that the overall risk to professional athletes is profoundly high approximately 1000 times higher among professional football players than for high-risk industrial occupations (Drawer and Fuller2002). The high rate of injury incidence among different sports may have lead researchers to attemp t to identify risk factors and preventive methods for different sport injuries. Meeuwisse and Bahr (2009), defines risk factors are the ones which causes the athletic injury or sufficient enough to cause injury. The risk factors for groin injury in sport are considered as intrinsic risk factors like age, gender and physical fitness, level of play, anatomical alignment of structures, previous injury and body composition. The extrinsic risk factors such as protective equipment, sports equipment, environment factors like weather, surface of play, and human factors like opponent behavior, playing situation and also biomechanical description make the athlete susceptible to injury. These risk factors were further classified by Meeuwisse and Bahr (2009), as modifiable or non modifiable. Endurance, strength, balance and decreased levels of sport-specific training are some of the modifiable risk factors. These risk factors can be altered to reduce the groin injury rates through the implementation of injury prevention strategies. Age, gender, previous groin injury are considered as non modifiable risk factors for groin injury. These factors cannot be altered to reduce injury rates through the implementation of injury prevention strategies but facilitate the identification of the sport population at risk. See Appendix ii for injury causation model by Meeuwisse (2006) The groin region is a highly mobile area consists of where abdomen meets the legs and contains the structures of the perineum (Timothy and Steven, 2008).Therefore, it includes the lower rectus abdominal muscles, the inguinal region, the symphysis pubis, the upper portions of the adductor muscles of the thigh, and the genitalia, also the scrotum in males. Falvey et al, (2008) described the groin region by setting out borders which comprises of groin, gluteal and greater trochanter of femur called 3G triangle, for sports medicine professionals to help understand the diagnosis of groin pain easier by the origin of symptoms. (Adapted from Falvey et al, 2009. The groin pain: patho- anatomical approach to the diagnosis of chronic groin pain in athletes). The anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and pubic tubercle forms the apex of groin triangle, as this point refers to the 3G point. The land marks of the superior border of the triangle forms by the line between the pubic tubercle and ASIS, whereas line from the pubic tubercle inferiorly forms the medial border and line from ASIS superiorly forms the lateral border. See appendix i (b) for diagram for muscles of the groin region. The bodys center of gravity is located within the pelvis, anterior to the second sacral vertebra; thus, the loads that are generated or transferred through this area are important in virtually every athletic effort (Anderson, et al 2001).Loads of up to eight times body weight has been demonstrated in the hip joint during jogging, with potentially greater loads may present during vigorous athletic competition (Crowninshield, et al 1978), the structures around the hip are uniquely adapted to transfer such forces. The most common fracture is to the femur may caused by the force transmitted from the hip joint, when subject to a combination of axial compression, torsion, shear and bending loads which can cause fracture at various sites. Imbalance between the loads applied to the pelvis and the integrity of the pelvic structures, resulting into overuse problems. Pubic symphysis displays its greatest mobility when it is exposed to shear forces. Pizzari et al (2008) reports that the imbalanc es may be occurring from inadequate pelvic integrity which is intrinsic risk factor and alterations in the loads as extrinsic risk factor or sometimes combination of these two can cause osteitis pubis, which in turn contributes to groin pathology. Therefore, in prevention of osteitis pubis sometimes involves early recognition of risk factors at the beginning of the season may be appropriate. Having known the complexity of anatomy and biomechanics groin region, it may be useful to develop comprehensive understanding of risk factors causing the groin pain to develop effective preventive measures among different sports. Research Question The first step in the process of any research study is to form a research question. Four components should be considered when forming a research question (Meade and Richardson 1997). These include the client group being investigated, interventions, comparative interventions and the outcomes used to measure the effect. Is identifying risk factors and causes help athletes in preventing groin pain? a literature review. Objective of the study This review examines the studies on identifying the risk factors and causes of the groin pain and does this helped in preventing groin pain, and aims to develop new insights based on current knowledge on the topic by reviewing the literature. Aims of the study The aim of this study is to review the evidence to see if there are positive benefits (decreasing the incidence of injuries) of identifying risk factors for causing groin pain. These positive outcomes may help health care professionals involved to prevent athletes groin pain. Chapter 1 Preliminary Literature Review In this review there will be a broad preliminary literature review on groin pain, where incidence, epidemiology, risk factors and causes in relation to groin pain will be discussed. Importance and principles of injury prevention are discussed in detail. Epidemiology of groin injuries in athletes Injury was defined as any event that kept a player out of a practice or a game or required the attention of the team physician (Molsa, et al 1997). In professional soccer, groin injuries comprises of up to 10% of all the injuries (Hawkins et al, 2001), but are responsible for a much larger proportion of time lost from training and play (Muckle, 1982). Brooks et al (2005) have reported on match injuries associated with 546 rugby union players at 12 English Premiership clubs in two seasons. They found that incidence, severity of groin, hip and buttock injuries as per every 1000 player hours and severity in number of days absence. In elite level soccer, groin strain injuries have been reported to account for 20% of all muscle strain injuries and more than 40% in ice hockey and they also account for >10% of all injuries in elite levels of ice hockey, soccer, and athletics. In Australian Rules football (AFL), the number of games lost was more at all levels of the game due to hip and groin injuries. AFL statistics for seasons 2001-2006 saw groin pathologies accounting for an average of 13.0 missed games per club per season involving an average of 3.25 players per team. Over this same period these groin injuries had a 23% recurrence rate. Walden et al (2007) studied in professional sports, and have found groin injury to be the fourth most common injury affecting soccer players. Orchard and Seward (2002) consider groin injury the third most common injury in Australian Rules football and it also has a high prevalence in ice hockey and rugby. But in considering time lost from injury, groin pain plays only next to fracture and joint reconstruction (Brooks et al, 2005). Groin injury is among the top one to sixth most common cited injury in the Olympic sports of ice hockey, speed skating, soccer, and athletics. Groin injuries account for 3-11% of all injuries i n some Olympic sports including ice hockey, speed skating, soccer, swimming, and athletics. Causes of groin injuries Groin pain in athletes can be classified into athletic and non athletic causes. (Please find a table in appendix iii for causes of groin pain). Adductor muscle strains and osteitis pubis are the most common musculoskeletal causes of groin pain in athletes, which are often difficult to distinguish (Morelli and Smith, 2001). Hip injuries associated with sports participation often refer pain to the groin. Exclusion of rare differential diagnoses is often the focus of clinical testing and imaging. Awareness of overlapping pain referral patterns from the hip joint, the lumbar spine, lumbar facet joints, and sacroiliac joint and abdominal structures is important for accurate diagnosis of the cause of groin pain (Katherine, 2008). Katherine also reports, the common condition that may be associated with acute or chronic groin pain due to Iliopsoas myofascial pain which can be persists as primary problem or secondary problem and suggests Iliopsoas muscle should be included in the assessment of groin pain. Ekberg et al. (1988), found the difficulty in diagnosing the groin pain as it presented with more than one diagnosis in 19 of 21 athletes with longstanding groin pain. Holmich et al. (1999) noticed signs for osteitis pubis in over 60% of their athletes who were primarily diagnosed as suffering with adductor complaints. Please find the table for differential diagnosis for groin pain in appendix iv 1.3 Principles of Injury prevention Bahr et al, (2006) described the sports injury prevention program into primary, secondary and tertiary (Bahr, 2006 for Clinical sports medicine). They defined primary prevention as health promotion and injury prevention by means of application of external supports for body parts to protect from injury, even for those without any previous injury. Secondary prevention included early diagnosis and intervention to limit the development of disability or reduce the risk of re- injury and this is considered as treatment for any acute injury. Lastly, the tertiary prevention is the focus on rehabilitation to reduce and to correct an existing disability in relation to an underlying disease. This may refer to the process of rehabilitation following any sports injury and bringing back to the level of normal sport. The successful injury prevention strategies consist of a model developed by Van Mechelen et al (1997). The first step is to determine the incidence and severity of the sport injury problem, needs to be established prior to identifying risk for injury. Van Mechelen (1992) developed a model that follows sequence of prevention which is widely used from past decade. Four steps of Van mechelen strategies are: (a) identify the incidence of specific sports Injury (b) secondly, identifying the risk factors and mechanism of injury considered (c) finally, develop the interventions likely to reduce the risk of injury should be introduced and their efficacy monitored and (d) by repeating the step (a) monitor the efficacy of preventive measures. Further to Van Mechelen model, Finch (2006) came up with six staged approach to Translating Research into Injury Prevention Practice framework which is widely known as Finch TRIPP prevention framework. This approach suggests, those research studies that include sports participants, bodies and coaches can prevent injuries, but this may be only possible in broad research studies that may lead to real world injury prevention benefits. 1.4 Importance of injury prevention Bahr et al (2002) reports that in Scandinavia, sports injuries are the main cause for hospitalization among children in every one third and injuries seen by a physician, every sixth is caused due to sports participation. During 1997 and 1998, in the United States, annually an estimated 3.7 million (approximately 11%) sports and recreation-related injuries visited emergency department. In these, 2.6 million visits were persons aged 5-24 years and the medical charges for these visits were 500 million US$ annually (Bahr et al., 2002). Injury prevention in sport has several benefits; some of them may include greater health of the individual, long-term in the activity and reduced costs to the individual, the sport, the health care system, and the society. The ultimate benefit would be the potential for better performance. The treatment of sports-related injuries can be time consuming, difficult and expensive, thus making preventive strategies justified, not just from a medical perspective but also economically (Scanlan and MacKay 2001). The significance in knowing about risk factors and preventive strategies may help athletes in decresing the chances of any fresh injuries, reduces training absences, financial burden on sports clubs, authorities, and society and most importantly avoids re-injury (Chalmers, 2002). Chapter 2 Methodology This chapter discusses literature reviews as a research methodology in relation to research paradigms and the rationale for conducting a literature review. Also discussed are different types of literature reviews, advantages and disadvantages of performing a literature review and the process of conducting a literature review including ethical considerations. 2.1 Research Methodology: Hart (1998) defined research methodology as a system of methods and rules to facilitate the collection and analysis of data. A literature review that is performed in a systematic way is a research methodology (Aveyard 2007). 2.2 Research Paradigm The first consideration when addressing any research question is the research paradigm. Paradigms can be defined as the framework that has unwritten rules but directs actions. The term paradigm describes a system of ideas or world view used by the community of researchers to generate knowledge. It is a set of assumptions, research strategies and criteria for rigour that are even taken for granted by the community (Guba and Lincoln 1994). So paradigms are the ways of understanding reality and they contain some assumptions about the reality and find the ways to know the reality. Guba (1990) suggested that paradigms can be characterized by the way their proponents respond to three basic question, they are ontological, epistemological, and the methodological questions. There are many paradigms, but positivism and constructivism are considered as main paradigms. 2.3 Rationale for conducting a literature review The electronic databases with healthcare literature were easily accessible for the author from University of Central Lancashire. These databases consisted of all up- to- date studies on Groin pain and prevention. A literature review is a suitable methodology for identifying, evaluating, and interpreting the existing body of recorded work produced by researchers, scholars, and practitioners (Cormack 1991). Steward and Kamnis (1993) recommended that literature review is a useful tool to compare already existing data to analyse and generate new ideas on topic of interest and also not expensive and time consuming. As a research tool, the literature review has few disadvantages, because it uses previous research developed in different conditions and different backgrounds, and there is a possibility of unintended bias when collecting data (Stewart and Kamnis 1993). Accuracy of the synthesis of findings depends on the person who is critiquing and drawing up the synthesis of the literature (Burns and Grove 1995). Ethical consideration for a literature review Literature review is a secondary research (Aveyard 2007), during which participants do not come in direct contact with the researcher. Hence literature reviews do not require an ethical approval. But some ethical aspects have to be considered during literature review. One should treat peoples research with respect and ensure that the studies included are represented accurately in the review. 2.5 Literature review The literature review is defined as the selection of available documents (both published and unpublished) on the topic, which contain information, ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint to fulfill certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic and how it is to be investigated, and the effective evaluation of these documents in relation to the research being proposed (Hart 1998, p27). Rees (1997) defined literature review, as the critical examination of a representative selection of published literature on a particular topic or issue. The literature review might identify gaps in the previous literature that new research can address, or might suggest research to be replicated (Aveyard 2007). A comprehensive and competently carried out review enables a health care practitioner to apply a body of research evidence to practice rather than to rely on individual studies (Aveyard 2007). This emphasizes the place of a literature review in building the evidence based practice. 2.6Types of literature review Gill (2000) suggests that there are three types of literature review. They are: a general survey of the literature, a focused survey of the literature and a systematic review. In a general survey the researcher is aimed at comprehensive search of literature within certain clear parameters (Gill 2000). A focused survey is a comprehensive search of literature with emphasis on the selectivity of the literature in terms of its appropriateness to the authors approach to their research study (Gill 2000). A systematic review follows a strict protocol which includes precisely defining the research question, an exhaustive literature search of all the studies that address the question, assessing the quality of those studies using predefined criteria, exclusion of studies that fail to meet the criteria and provide an overview of the results of the included studies (Gill 2000). The type of literature review used in the current review is focused survey. Chapter 3- Methods This chapter explains how data was searched for this project, how the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected and what key words were used to search the articles. The research question for this current review is: Is identifying risk factors and causes help athletes in preventing groin pain? 3.1 Search strategy A comprehensive search strategy was developed to identify and locate the key literature on published material on groin pain. As much as possible literature relevant to the topic was identified. Search terms Groin pain in athletes, risk factors, causes and prevention were used to help select articles for the review. 3.2 Inclusion criteria The following inclusion criteria were used, Risk factors and causes of groin pain Prevention of groin pain Articles published up to till date from 2000 Age of participants between18-65 years Articles written in English 3.3 Exclusion criteria Not relevant to groin pain and prevention Articles published before 2000 Excluded were non-English publications Articles on non athletic population 3.4 Search results Literature search was performed using the key words with inclusion and exclusion criteria in mind. A literature search was carried out electronically in SPORTdiscus, MEDLINE with full text (Medical Literature Online), OVID () healthcare databases using the University online library. A manual search was also performed to identify articles related to risk factors, causes and prevention of groin pain. The number of studies included and excluded from the literature search for the review is summarized in the table below. Database Total Included Excluded SPORTdiscus full text 145 6 139 MEDLINE with full text 24 2 22 OVID 23 2 20 Chapter 4 Results This chapter focuses on the findings of the articles in database. The electronic literature search initially identified 191 suitable articles. After reading the abstracts and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 studies were identified as suitable for the current literature review. The articles included for the review are: Tyler, T.F., Nicholas, S.J., Campbell, R.J., Donellan, S., and McHugh, M.P., 2002. The Effectiveness of a Preseason Exercise Program to Prevent Adductor Muscle Strains in professional ice hockey players, American journal of sports medicine, 30, 5, 680-683. Holmich, P., 2007. Long-standing groin pain in sportspeople falls into three primary patterns, a clinical entity approach: a prospective study of 207 patients, British journal of sports medicine, 41, 247-252. Knowles, S.B., Marshall, S.W., Guskiewicz, K.M., 2006. Issues in Estimating Risks and Rates in Sports Injury Research, Journal of athletic training, 41, 2, 207-215. Engebretsen, A.H., Myklebust, G., Holme, I., Engebretsen, L., and Bahr, R., 2008. Prevention of Injuries Among Male Soccer Players : A Prospective, Randomized Intervention Study Targeting Players With Previous Injuries or Reduced Function, American journal of sports medicine, 36, 6, 1052-1060. Emery, C.A., Meeuwisse, W.H., 2001. Risk factors for groin injuries in hockey. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, 33, 9, 1423-1433. Harmon,K.G., 2007. Evaluation of groin pain in athletes, Current sports medicine reports, 6, 354-361. Macintyre, J., Johson, C., Schroeder, E.L.,2006. Groin pain in athletes, Current Sports Medicine Reports, 5,293-299. Ibrahim, A., Murrell, G.A.C., Knapman, P., 2007. Adductor strain and hip range of movement in male professional soccer players, Journal of orthopaedic surgery, 15, 1, 46-9. Biedert, R.M., Warnke, K., Meyer, S., 2003. Symphysis Syndrome in Athletes Surgical Treatment for Chronic Lower Abdominal, Groin, and Adductor Pain in Athletes, Clinical journal of sport medicine, 13, 5, 278-284. Maffey, L., Emery, C., 2007. What are the Risk Factors for Groin Strain Injury in Sport? A Systematic Review of the Literature, Sport medicine, 37, 10, 881-894. Chapter 5 -Analysis Holmich et al (2009), classified risk factors of the groin injury as intrinsic or extrinsic to the athlete, and also suggested that groin injury prevention strategies may be developed and evaluated if there is a good understanding of the athlete population at risk of groin injury. Similary, Parkkari et al (2001) informed that there has not been thorough identification of the risk factors or adequate surveillance of groin injury, such that injury prevention strategies can be scientifically implemented and evaluated. Due to high incidence of groin pain in hockey, a prospective cohort study by Emery and Meeuwisse (2001) surveyed 1292 National Hockey League players and found that abduction flexibility, peak adductor torque was not predicted as injury, but low levels of offseason training, sport specific training and previous injury were predicted as risk factors for groin injury. But the above risk factors are potentially modifiable intrinsic risk factors. Emery and Meeuwisse (2001) also found that the in-season sport specific training may not act as strong risk factor for groin injury. Tyler et al (2002) suggested that, adductor muscle weakness was identified as a strong risk factor compared to flexibility in Professional Ice Hockey players. The authors of the study identified that, if the adductor to abductor muscle strength ratio is less than 80%, it is predicted as a strong risk factor for adductor muscle strain. In addition to the above statement Tyler et al (2001) also identified similar findings. The player with adductor to abductor muscle strength ratio less than 80% is 17 times more likely to have an adductor muscle strain and authors recognised adduction strength was 95% of abduction strength in non injured players, but only 78% of abduction strength was found in injured players. The authors in their (Tyler et al 2001) prospective study, apart from above findings, the preseason strength of hip adduction was 18% less in players with adductor muscle strains when compared with that of uninjured players. Engebretsen et al (2008) have performed a randomized controlled trial in soccer players, identified the players and divided into high risk and low risk group. The inclusion criteria for the study were previous injury or reduced function identified through questionnaire. However, the introduction of individual specific preventive training programs to the divided groups such as ankle, knee, hamstring and groin has been resulted poor compliance with the prescribed training programs. So, the authors believe that the study did not affect the injury risk in this intervention group. Although the intervention followed in the above study was ineffective in affecting risk of injury, but players who may be able to gain from preventive exercises could be identified and reports that risk of injury was approximately twice as high in athletes with a history of previous injury or in reduced function. Chapter 6 -Discussion In this current review, the author describes that evidence shows, to develop an effective strategy for injury prevention only possible by first determining the incidence of injuries and identifying the risk factors to the athlete. Engebretsen and Bahr (2009) reports, Injury prevention in sports is a complex process, by supporting Van mechelen sequence of prevention. Researchers first try to identify one or several risk factors that causes the injury, the mechanisms of injury and develop an effective intervention to modify it, implement the intervention with sufficient compliance, and study the outcome of the intervention to detect reductions in the injury rate which are clinically applicable to make it an effective strategy. However, sometimes eliminating the risk factor may not necessarily prevent injury if there is no cause present. Evidence shows that a few well designed prospective studies exist on reviewing the literature regarding the prevention strategies in sport. Caroline Finch (2000) argued at 5th world conference on injury prevention and controls saying that sports injuries should be given considerable recognition as a public health issue. Finch also argued for the need for origin of sports injury epidemiology as a sub discipline and has seen considerable effort targeting surveillance activities. In supporting the above, Engebretsen and Bahr (2009) reported a PubMed search on athletic injury in May 2000 and showed that out of 10,691 papers, only six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were found on sports injury prevention. In last 7 year period the number of studies on athletic injuries has gradually increased by 43% but sports injury prevention has seen a gradual improvement on number of studies and RCTs by 200-300%. There is a gap in the literature examining groin injury specifically in female sport; gender has not been identified as a risk factor for groin strain injury. But in contradiction to the above, Leetun et al (2004) identified that female athletes have significantly reduced hip abduction and external rotation strength than their male counterparts. The authors suggest that hip and trunk weakness reduces the ability of females to stabilize the hip and trunk. Therefore females may be more vulnerable to large external forces experienced by these segments during athletics, particularly forces during the transverse and frontal planes. Holmich (2007) prospective study describes on 206 athletes about the importance of the adductor related groin pain, the most common primary cause of groin pain in foot ball, but in runners the most common was iliopsoas related one, which was found in 58% of the athletes which may be of important to consider in developing and implementation of prevention strateg ies. In the area of injury prevention in sport, there are very few studies with a strong prospective research design addressing risk factors, there need to 6.1 What are the Implications for injury prevention? Injury prevention should be the ultimate goal of the sports medicine professionals. Karlsson (2009) believes, prevention should be the starting place for sports injuries unlike treatment, but prevention is not always easy to implement in the daily routine practice. Coaches, trainers involve in the games may not be interested on taking time off from the ordinary team and individual training for prevention, because coaches sometimes may have short term goals, due to various reasons and often aim players to the next match, not to the next season. Therefore, it may be mostly up to the team doctors, physiotherapists and others working with players health over the season to give long-term prevention a thought (Karlsson, 2009). McHugh (2004) suggests, in many sports the period of preseason training may be a good opportunity for sports medicine professionals to implement injury prevention strategies. However, the sports medicine professional may have only limited ability to implement strategies without the involvement of other team successfully, to reduce injuries. The pre-season period also offers an excellent opportunity to identify potential players at risk for particular injuries through pre-season screening and testing which can provide the baseline measures for sports medicine professionals to develop individual injury prevention strategies. Chapter 7 Conclusion It has been well documented that randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are the best and most useful, appropriate and reliable studies aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of healthcare intervention. Studies identifying risk factors for injury are essential before assessing potential prevention strategies for injury in sport. References Anderson, K., Strickland, S.M., Warren, R. 2001. Hip and groin injuries in athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 29, 521-533. Aveyard, H., 2007. Doing a Literature Review in Health and Social Care. A practical gu

Hate Speech is the Price We Must Pay for Freedom of Speech

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Living in the United States we enjoy many wonderful freedoms and liberties. Even though most of these freedoms seem innate to our lives, most have been earned though sacrifice and hard work. Out of all of our rights, freedom of speech is perhaps our most cherished, and one of the most controversial. Hate speech is one of the prices we all endure to ensure our speech stays free. But with hate speeches becoming increasingly common, many wonder if it is too great of a price to pay, or one that we should have to pay at all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech,or of the press: or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the framers of the constitution penned these 45 words could they have known the extent that they would be studied and scrutinize? Are the words meant to be taken literally or is it the â€Å"spirit† to them that is most important? Many views exist and are hotly debated, but most agree that this amendment has enabled some of the best things in the history of our country to be said; and ultimately done. However it has also enabled some of the worst.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When discussing hate speech one has to address fighting words. Fighting words are words that the Supreme Court believes that even the mere utterance of them will inflict injury or incite an immediate breach of the peace. The court also believes these words are unnecessary for anyone to use, and that even if they were not used someone could still express their ideas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Historically some hate speeches have contained fighting words, but they are view by the court as a separate entity. Fighting words are often classified as having absolutely no social value, and are not protected by the first amendment. In this regard I think that hate speech and fighting words are very analogous to indecent and obscene material. While indecent material might be frowned upon it is constitutionally protected, as where obscene material (also classified as having no social value) is not. This distinction was first made in the early 1940s in the Chaplinsky case.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chaplinsky was a Jehovah’ s Witness, and one day while doing some face-to-face confrontations as part of his religious practices, an... ...nts think is appropriate. That kind of gathering offers an opportunity for people to talk about something other than the Klan. It also shows the outside world the community does not condone Klan activity.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perhaps in the end all we can really do it to try and come to terms with hate speech on a personal level. I believe 100 percent in the first amendment, and I look at having to tolerate hate speech as a price I have to pay for enjoying such a wonderful freedom. I don’t think it would be effective or warranted to limit the peoples freedom in attempts to try and stop the despicable practice of hate speech. Works Cited: The Associated Press State & Local Wire, January 7, 2002. Fales, John The Washington Times, Pg. 11 September 2, 2002. Fein, Bruce The Washington Times, August 6, 2002. Rodrigues, Janette The Houston Chronicle, Pg. 15 January 17, 2001. Taylor, Lynda Guydon The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Pg. w3 June 24, 2001 Cases Cited Black v. Virginia, 262 Va. 764, 553 S.E.2d 738 (2001) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942) Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989) Village of Skokie v. National Socialist Party 373 N.E. 2d 21 (1978)

Ethical Lessons Learned from Corporate Scandals Essay examples -- Busi

Ethical Lessons Learned from Corporate Scandals Ethics is about behavior and in the face of dilemma; it is about doing the right thing. Ideally, managerial leaders and their people will act ethically as a result of their internalized virtuous core values. The Enron scandal is the most significant corporate collapse in the United States and it demonstrates the need for significant reforms in accounting and corporate governance in the United States. It is also a call for a close look at the ethical quality of the culture of business generally and of business corporations (Lessons from the Enron Scandal). The collapse of even the smallest of businesses impacts many people, and therefore even the smallest business can learn what not to do from the multibillion dollar corporation. The failure of one’s business will greatly and negatively affect its employees, partners, as well as the families of each of those groups. Business owners have a duty to operate in a prudent, lawful and ethical manner. The major lessons that were illustrated by the collapse of Enron and other corporate scandals will be the morality play of the new economy. It will teach executives and the American public the most important ethics lessons of this decade. Financial cleverness is no substitute for a good corporate strategy. Financial accounting is a backward looking, unusually complex, subject to subjective interpretation, vulnerable to several controversial accounting doctrines...

Monarchy/Episcopalianism Government

The advantages of a Monarchy government are it only has one ruler. The government and the state are in high power and in a single person’s hands. These states are called a kingdom or empire. Another advantage is the power of the king or supreme magistrate has limitations by the constitution. It also gives less control to the ruler then despotism but also makes the population happier and more productive. The advantage of an Episcopalianism government is unity of structure, style and doctrine within church government. The disadvantage of a Monarchy is that you have more control over the people in your empire.Therefore, the production capabilities within the cities will be very limited. The disadvantage of Episcopalianism government is authority is given to an office not a person. (Acts 6:36), (Acts 14:23). Republicanism/ Presbyterianism Government The advantages of a Republicanism government are citizens can participate in government and give there opinions. There is no dictator ship; citizens can elect representatives to office. The advantages of a Presbyterianism government it is an ideal system for the maintaining of proper church discipline.It is also based on scripture principles; it is the nearest teachings of the Holy Scriptures on church government. â€Å"Christ is the great head of the church universal. † â€Å"All church government must be subject to him alone† (Ephesians 5:23; Colossians 1:18) â€Å"The people have a right to substantive of government of the church†. â€Å"But all things must be done decently and in order†. (1 Corinthians 14:40; Acts 14:23) (Romans 3:1; 1 Timothy 6:3-5) (Galatians 4:21) The disadvantages of a Republicanism government are you cannot maintain martial law in a city under this government.The bad thing about trading is you cannot have prosperity in your empire because the senate approves everything you do. The disadvantage of a Presbyterianism government is it has not totally removed all of the abuse and errors in the churches that have adopted it. It greatly reduces much time and effort in the decision-making, politics, and parties’ attitude. Has little or no accountability to the larger community of believers. Democracy/Congregationalism Government The advantages of a Democracy government are everyone has a voice in the decision-making. Citizens have the same rights and freedoms and all citizens are equal before the law.They also have equal power; it also safeguards the interest of the people. It is known for stability, firmness and efficiency. The advantages of a Congregationalism government are the church appears to be independent in the New Testament, it also recognizes the importance of individual believers. It also accepts the bible as a sufficient rule in matters of faith and practice. The disadvantages of Democracy is it citizens because it does not establish dictatorship of majority. It ignores the minority and the minorities are oppressed if no party gets absolute majority coalition governments are formed.  (Romans 13:1) (Peter 2:13-14)The disadvantages of a congregationalism government are there are too many people foster independent spirits and opinions. It forms easy church splits and can lead to lack of history or past. There is too much authority given to an office competitiveness and lack of unity. (Matthew 18:18-20) In conclusion, I believe all of the forms of government can be of good nature where the government is concerned. It is also elements of all three forms of church governments in the New Testament. They all intertwine as co-existing in the government in many forms and fashions and bring a balance to our government as a whole.

Criminal Court Visit Essay Essay

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to highlight the different aspect of the Criminal Justice after visiting the criminal justice office(s). The visit is done during the last week of September 2010 and the visiting point was the United States District First Court of Appeal, the court located at 301 S. ML King Blvd. Tallahassee, Florida. In this paper the findings will be discussed that what factors (selected) are involved that affect the process of administration of justice. It will be tried the best to explain the observations and views with comparison and contrast. However, the points will be discussed in narrative format to grab the information precisely. The Criminal Court Visit and the Observations First, have some information about the Criminal Justice. The Criminal Justice is the system or group of system and institutions that have the prime responsibility to mitigate the crime or crime rate and to take necessary actions to cope with the situations that is critical and sensitive in nature to maintain the peaceful environment of the society. It is ideal profession for those who has investigative mind. The President’s Commission defined the criminal justice system as the means for society to â€Å"enforce the standards of conduct necessary to protect individuals and the community†. (The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, 1967) The Criminal Justice system has three main parts: Police, Courts and Jails also known as Corrections but all these parts have one main goal that is to maintain the rule of law within the society by operating with coordination under one umbrella that is Law. Police Police is the front face of the criminal justice system that has the prime responsibility to maintain the peace and control the law and order situation as per their jurisdictions according to the predefined law. Police are also responsible to decrease the Crime rate in the society. In USA the police department was founded in 1908. Police itself has multidimensional activities to guarantee the peace, calm and trust throughout the society. Courts Courts are the place where disputes are settled down and finalized after thorough debates and analyses according to the law. There are number of professionals in any court who perform their responsibilities as per their role like judge, prosecutor and attorney usually belong to defense. The one most important personality in that court sitting is the judge that has a special authority to settle the dispute. Corrections or punishment Corrections or punishment is the outcome for the final decision of the court against the crime. The main purpose to keep the person in jail or prison is separate him from the society to prevent any further sensitive or law and order situation. There are also other different forms of punishment and corrections like to impose financial penalties, probation and house arrest. The house arrest sanction is the type of punishment that limits the person’s mobility to prevent others and society from his or her negative activities. Reflections with compare and contrast after Visiting Visiting the Criminal court, enable us to enhance our knowledge about the proceeding that is the part and parcel of administration of the justice. In that connection, the book â€Å"criminal justice today† by Frank Schmallegar provided the necessary information. The observation was based on the ongoing court trial on the violent attacks on two blameless citizens. (The identities will not be shown, because of personal reason/request). According to the case the victims Mr. A and Mr. O were driving on the way, during the driving there Car rammed from the back. When they got out checking that issue and cause of rammed, suddenly they were harmed by the gang that comprises with four people who had iron rods in their hands. The accused person got into his car and dragged the Mr. A along the road for a distance of 40 to 50 yards. However, the victim rushed to the near hospital but he died because of numerous rib fractures, the liver’s trauma and haemorrhaging, followed by a num ber of heart attacks. After and during the hearing of this tragic and inhuman story there was a pin-drop silence inside the court. The lawyer of the accused tried to defend by saying that the above mentioned story about crime scene was far from reality but the judge refused it when the criminal history is cited by the victim’s lawyer that  the accused criminal already has the record of murder trial that was started in six month before, he also referred the criminal’s girlfriend who declared herself as a hostile witness. The victim’s lawyer also presented the Toxicological reports that have the clear evidences of identical sweat, fiber and finger prints matches. When these evidences presented, the criminal’s lawyer had no way but to accept and keep silence, after examining the report and evidences the Judge started to express his remarks by saying that â€Å"Quite Shocking†. He further said that Mr. A and Mr. O was the respective and law-abiding c itizens and has no any criminal records, who were rammed and assaulted by the accused person and his gang in a highly violent and inhuman manner. Judge further said that the criminal also has a record of previous hearing but he didn’t learn any lesson from them. Judge further added that this action is reprehensible morally and this crime is very high in the ranking of manslaughter. Finally, the judge sentenced the 10 years among the final year suspended for the manslaughter. This court visit and the proceeding of above mentioned case opened many dimension in front of me. This visit enriched my experience about the criminal court and its proceeding about the particular case, the way that both parties argued and raised the concerns and the deep thinking ability of the judge who gave final judgment. Furthermore, there are plenty of issues that need to be addressed but another important point that is noticed generally about the Proceeding, is the media coverage. The main concern that is raised by the court officials is about the live camera coverage, according to them the camera coverage create a tension to make a reasonable judgment because during the whole process the officials feel confused to express their views thoroughly because of the mass reactions. The official concerned that the mass reaction is not the main issue but to satisfy them on each and every legal issues because of the ignorance of law and proceeding of the justice. They claimed that this camera coverage and its related issue converted the courtroom and its proceeding into â€Å"media circus. But the counter argument that is in favor of camera coverage is that, these camera coverage is the catalyst to make the whole proceeding crystal clear as per law and the assurance that the all proceeding that affect the administration of justice is bias less. This live camera coverage is the  antidote for those elements who affect directly or in directly to the whole processing and are the main cause(s) of dissatisfaction about any particular aspect or whole of the proceedings However, the positive point is that some professionals are in favor to do these activities during the proceeding, as per their viewpoint the live coverage via electronic media and devices make the proceeding of the administration of justice more trustable, accessible and transparent among the masses.